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Ishvara (Sanskrit: ईश्वर, ') is a concept in Hinduism, with a wide range of meanings that depend on the era and the school of Hinduism.〔〔 In ancient texts of Indian philosophy, ''Ishvara'' means supreme soul, Brahman (Highest Reality), ruler, king or husband depending on the context.〔 In medieval era texts, ''Ishvara'' means God, Supreme Being, personal god, or special Self depending on the school of Hinduism.〔〔〔 In Shaivism, ''Ishvara'' is synonymous with "Shiva", as the "Supreme lord over other Gods" in the pluralistic sense, or as an Ishta-deva in pluralistic thought. In Vaishnavism, it is synonymous with Vishnu.〔 In traditional Bhakti movements, Ishvara is one or more deities of an individual's preference from Hinduism's polytheistic canon of deities. In modern sectarian movements such as Arya Samaj and Brahmoism, Ishvara takes the form of a monotheistic God.〔 In Yoga school of Hinduism, it is any "personal deity" or "spiritual inspiration".〔 In Advaita Vedanta school, Ishvara is a monistic Universal Absolute that connects and is the Oneness in everyone and everything.〔〔 ==Etymology== The root of the word Ishvara comes from ''īś-'' (ईश, Ish) which means "capable of" and "owner, ruler, chief of",〔Arthur Anthony Macdonell (2004), A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120820005, page 47〕 ultimately cognate with English ''own'' (Germanic '' *aigana-'', PIE '' *aik-''). The second part of the word ''Ishvara'' is ''vara'' which means depending on context, "best, excellent, beautiful", "choice, wish, blessing, boon, gift", and "suitor, lover, one who solicits a girl in marriage".〔Arthur Anthony Macdonell (2004), A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120820005, page 270〕 The composite word, ''Ishvara'' literally means "owner of best, beautiful", "ruler of choices, blessings, boons", or "chief of suitor, lover". As a concept, ''Ishvara'' in ancient and medieval Sanskrit texts, variously means God, Supreme Being, Supreme Soul, lord, king or ruler, rich or wealthy man, god of love, deity Shiva, one of the Rudras, prince, husband and the number eleven.〔Monier Williams, Sanskrit-English dictionary, (Search for Izvara ), University of Cologne, Germany〕〔Apte Sanskrit-English dictionary, (Search for Izvara ), University of Cologne, Germany〕〔James Lochtefeld, "Ishvara", The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing. ISBN 0-8239-2287-1, page 306〕 The word ''Īśvara'' never appears in Rigveda.〔 However, the verb ''īś-'' does appear in Rig veda, where the context suggests that the meaning of it is "capable of, able to".〔Madhav Deshpande (1991), Sense and Syntax in Vedic (Editors: Joel Brereton and Stephenie Jamison), Volumes 4-5, Brill, ISBN 978-9004093560, pages 23-27〕 It is absent in Samaveda, is rare is Atharvaveda, appears in Samhitas of Yajurveda. The contextual meaning, however as the ancient Indian grammarian Pāṇini explains, is neither god nor supreme being.〔 The word ''Īśvara'' appears in numerous ancient Dharmasutras. However, Patrick Olivelle states that there ''Ishvara'' does not mean God, but means Vedas.〔 Deshpande states that ''Ishvara'' in Dharmasutras could alternatively mean king, with the context literally asserting that "the Dharmasutras are as important as ''Ishvara'' (the king) on matters of public importance".〔Patrick Olivelle (2006), Between the Empires : Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE: Society in India, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195305326, page 176〕 In Saivite traditions of Hinduism, the term is used as part of the compound "Maheshvara" ("great lord") as a name for Shiva. In Mahayana Buddhism it is used as part of the compound "Avalokiteśvara" ("lord who hears the cries of the world"), the name of a bodhisattva revered for her compassion. When referring to divine as female, particularly in Shaktism, the feminine ' is sometimes used. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ishvara」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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