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Islamofascism
The term Islamofascism is a neologism that draws an analogy between the ideological characteristics of specific Islamist movements and a broad range of European fascist movements of the early 20th century, neofascist movements, or totalitarianism.
==Origins of the term "Islamofascism"==
The term "Islamofascism" is included in the ''New Oxford American Dictionary'', which defines it as "a controversial term equating some modern Islamic movements with the European fascist movements of the early twentieth century".〔The New Oxford American Dictionary, Second Edition'', Erin McKean (Editor), 2096 pages, May 2005, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-517077-6〕 The term is used in this manner by writers like Stephen Schwartz and Christopher Hitchens,〔Hitchens, Christopher: (Defending Islamofascism: It's a valid term. Here's why ), Slate, 2007-10-22〕 to describe Islamist extremists, including terrorist groups such as al Qaeda, Hamas and Hezbollah. William Safire makes particular note of Hitchens as a "popularizer" of the word, though Hitchens declined credit for coining it and preferred the phrase "fascism with an Islamic face" as a reference to both Alexander Dubček and Susan Sontag.〔http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/fighting_words/2007/10/defending_islamofascism.html〕〔William Safire (2006). ("Islamofascism Anyone?" ) ''The New York Times'', Opinion-Editorial. Retrieved August 28, 2007〕 The terms ''Islamic fascism'' and ''Muslim fascism'' are also used by the French philosopher Michel Onfray, an outspoken atheist and antireligionist, who notes in his ''Atheist Manifesto'' that Ruhollah Khomeini's Islamic Revolution "gave birth to an authentic Muslim fascism".〔Michel Onfray: ''Atheist Manifesto: The Case Against Christianity, Judaism, and Islam.'' Carlton, Vic. 2007, pp. 206-213.〕
The origins of the term are uncertain. William Safire writes that the "first use () can find" comes from Malise Ruthven in 1990, when Ruthven wrote in ''The Independent'' that "authoritarian government, not to say Islamo-fascism, is the rule rather than the exception from Morocco to Pakistan."〔William Safire (2006). ("Islamofascism Anyone?" ) ''The New York Times'', Opinion-Editorial. Retrieved August 28, 2007〕〔"Construing Islam as a language", by Malise Ruthven, The Independent, September 8, 1990 "Nevertheless there is what might be called a political problem affecting the Muslim world. In contrast to the heirs of some other non-Western traditions, including Hinduism, Shintoism and Buddhism, Islamic societies seem to have found it particularly hard to institutionalise divergences politically: authoritarian government, not to say Islamo-fascism, is the rule rather than the exception from Morocco to Pakistan."〕 Albert Scardino writes that the term "seems to have appeared first" in a ''Washington Times'' piece, in which scholar Khalid Duran used it "as a criticism of hyper-traditionalist clerics." According to the ''Times'', this piece appeared in July 2001.〔("Islamofascism by any other name" ). ''The Washington Times''. September 1, 2006〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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