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Islamophobia
Islamophobia (or anti-Muslim sentiment) is the prejudice against, hatred towards, or fear of the religion of Islam or Muslims. The term entered into common English usage in 1997 with the publication of a report by the Runnymede Trust condemning negative emotions such as fear, hatred, and dread directed at Islam or Muslims. While the term is now widely used, both the term itself and the underlying concept of Islamophobia have been heavily criticized.
The causes and characteristics of Islamophobia are still debated. Some scholars have defined it as a type of racism. Some commentators have posited an increase in Islamophobia resulting from the September 11 attacks, while others have associated it with the increased presence of Muslims in the United States, the European Union and other secular nations. Steven Salaita contends that indeed since 9/11, Arab Americans have evolved from what Nadine Naber described as an invisible group in the United States into a highly visible community that directly or indirectly has an effect on the United States' culture wars, foreign policy, presidential elections and legislative tradition.
== Etymology and definitions ==
The word ''Islamophobia'' is a neologism formed from ''Islam'' and ''-phobia'', a suffix used in English to form "nouns with the sense ‘fear of ——’, ‘aversion to ——’."〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Oxford University Press )〕 The compound form ''Islamo-'' contains the thematic vowel ''-o-'', and is found in earlier coinages such as ''Islamo-Christian'' from the 19th century.
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the word means "Intense dislike or fear of Islam, esp. as a political force; hostility or prejudice towards Muslims" and is attested in English as early as 1923.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Oxford University Press )〕 Mattias Gardell defines Islamophobia as "socially reproduced prejudices and aversion to Islam and Muslims, as well as actions and practices that attack, exclude or discriminate against persons on the basis that they are or perceived to be Muslim and be associated with Islam".〔 The Berkeley University ''Islamophobia Research & Documentation Project'' suggested the working definition: "Islamophobia is a contrived fear or prejudice fomented by the existing Eurocentric and Orientalist global power structure. It is directed at a perceived or real Muslim threat through the maintenance and extension of existing disparities in economic, political, social and cultural relations, while rationalizing the necessity to deploy violence as a tool to achieve 'civilizational rehab' of the target communities (Muslim or otherwise). Islamophobia reintroduces and reaffirms a global racial structure through which resource distribution disparities are maintained and extended."〔(Berkeley.edu )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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