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The ispán〔Rady 2000, p. 19.〕〔''Stephen Werbőczy: The Customary Law of the Renowned Kingdom of Hungary in Three Parts (1517)'', p. 450.〕 or count〔Engel 2001, p. 40.〕〔Curta 2006, p. 355.〕 ((ハンガリー語:ispán),〔Bán, Nemes 1989, p. 214.〕 (ラテン語:comes or comes parochialis),〔 and (スロバキア語:župan))〔Kirschbaum 2007, p. 315.〕 was the leader of a castle district (a fortress and the royal lands attached to it) in the Kingdom of Hungary from the early 11th century. Most of them were also heads of the basic administrative units of the kingdom, called counties, and from the 13th century the latter function became dominant. The ''ispáns'' were appointed and dismissed by either the monarchs or a high ranking royal official responsible for the administration of a larger territorial unit within the kingdom. They fulfilled administrative, judicial and military functions in one or more counties. Heads of counties were often represented locally by their deputies, the vice-ispáns〔Rady 2000, p. 41.〕 ((ハンガリー語:alispán),〔Nemes 1989, p. 21.〕 (ラテン語:vicecomes)〔 and (スロバキア語:podžupan))〔 from the 13th century. Although the vice-''ispáns'' took over more and more functions from their principals, the ''ispáns'' or rather, according to their new title, the lord-lieutenants of counties〔Fallenbüchl 1994, p. 168.〕 ((ハンガリー語:főispán),〔 (ラテン語:supremus comes))〔 remained the leading officials of county administration. The heads of two counties, Pozsony and Temes were even included among the "barons of the realm", along with the palatine and other dignitaries. On the other hand, some of these high-ranking officials and some of the prelates were ''ex officio ispáns'' of certain counties, including Esztergom, Fehér and Pest until the 18th or 19th centuries. Between the middle of the 15th century and the 18th century, neither was unusual an other type of perpetual ispánate,〔Rady 2000, p. 81.〕 namely the group of counties where the office of ''ispán'' was hereditary in noble families. Election of the vice-''ispáns'' by the assembly of the counties was enacted in 1723, although the noblemen could only choose among four candidates presented by the lord-lieutenant. Following the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, vice-''ispáns'' officially took over the responsibility for the management of the whole county administration, but lord-lieutenants presided the most important representative or supervising bodies of the counties. Both offices were abolished with the introduction of the Soviet system of local administration in Hungary in 1950. ==Origins== No doubt, the Hungarian word ''ispán'' is connected to the term ''župan'' ("head of a ''župa''") in the Croatian and Slovakian languages, and to the synonymous Old Church Slavonic expression, ''županъ''.〔Dolovai 2006, p. 344.〕 Accordingly, the title seems to be a Slavic loanword in the Hungarian language.〔 However, a direct borrowing is problematic from phonological perspective,〔 since the omission of the vowel ''u'' during the procedure (''župan''>''špan''>''išpan'') suggests an intermediate language.〔Róna-Tas 1999, p. 115.〕 The term ''župan'' was first recorded in the charter of foundation of the Kremsmünster Abbey as the title of an Avar dignitary.〔Engel, Róna-Tas 1994, p. 290.〕 The Hungarian word is first attested as a proper name from 1269, and as a title from around 1282.〔 The office itself, however, had already existed under Stephen I (997–1038) at the latest, who was crowned the first king of Hungary in 1000 or 1001.〔Engel 2001, pp. 27., 39-40.〕 The new king introduced an administrative system based on fortresses.〔Kristó 2001, p. 26.〕〔Sedlar 1994, p. 259.〕 Most of the fortresses were "simple earthworks crowned by a wooden wall and surrounded by a ditch and bank" (Pál Engel) in the period.〔 Stone castles were only erected at Esztergom, Székesfehérvár and Veszprém.〔 Archaeological evidence shows that a few castles had already existed in the last quarter of the 10th century,〔 implying that the new system of local administration was set up in the reign of Stephen I's father, Grand Prince Géza (''c.'' 972–997).〔 The monarch appointed a royal official styled ''comes'' in contemporary documents at the head of each fortress.〔Kontler 1999, p. 56.〕 A ''comes'' was the chief administrator of royal estates attached to the castle under his command.〔〔 Consequently, he was the principal of all who owned services to the head of that castle.〔〔Curta 2006, p. 401.〕 Most ''comes'' (about 50 out of a total number of 72 by the 13th century)〔Engel 2001, p. 73.〕 also had authority over the population of the wider region surrounding the castle, including those who lived in their own properties or in lands owned by other individuals or ecclesiastic bodies.〔 Each district of this type formed an administrative unit with "well defined boundaries" (Pál Engel) known under the name of ''vármegye''〔 or "county".〔Engel 2001, pp. 40-41.〕 Some of the castles and accordingly the counties around them were named after their first counts.〔 For instance, both the fortress of Hont and Hont County received the name of a knight of foreign origin, a staunch supporter of Stephen I.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ispán」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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