|
The Israelites ()〔("Israelite" ). ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.〕 were a Semitic people of the Ancient Near East, who inhabited part of Canaan during the tribal and monarchic periods. 〔Finkelstein, Israel. "Ethnicity and origin of the Iron I settlers in the Highlands of Canaan: Can the real Israel stand up?." The Biblical archaeologist 59.4 (1996): 198-212.〕〔Finkelstein, Israel. The archaeology of the Israelite settlement. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1988.〕〔Finkelstein, Israel, and Nadav Naʼaman, eds. From nomadism to monarchy: archaeological and historical aspects of early Israel. Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi, 1994.〕〔Finkelstein, Israel. "The archaeology of the United Monarchy: an alternative view." Levant 28.1 (1996): 177-187.〕〔Finkelstein, Israel, and Neil Asher Silberman. The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts. Simon and Schuster, 2002.〕 and lived in the region in smaller numbers after the fall of the monarchy. The prevailing academic opinion today is that the Israelites, who eventually evolved into the modern Jews and Samaritans, were an outgrowth of the indigenous Canaanites who had resided in the area since the 8th millennium BCE.〔〔K. L. Noll, (''Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: An Introduction,'' ) A&C Black, 2001 p.164:‘It would seems that in the eyes of Merneptah’s artisans, Israel was a Canaanite group indistinguishable from all other Canaanite groups.’ ‘It is likely that Merneptah’s Israel was a group of Canaanites located in the Jezreel Valley.’〕〔Stefan Paas (''Creation and Judgement: Creation Texts in Some Eighth Century Prophets,'' ) BRILL, 2003 pp.110-121, esp.144.〕 In the Hebrew Bible, the term "Israelites" refers to the direct descendants of any of the sons of the patriarch Jacob, or of the people called Israel, and of a worshipper of the God of Israel, Yahweh. In the period of the divided monarchy it referred only to inhabitants of the northern kingdom, and is only extended to cover people of the southern kingdom in post-exilic usage.〔Robert L.Cate, 'Israelite', in Watson E. Mills,Roger Aubrey Bullard, ( ''Mercer Dictionary of the Bible,'' ) Mercer University Press, 1990 p.420.〕 Other terms sometimes used include the "Hebrews" and the "Twelve Tribes" (of Israel). The Jews, which include the tribes of Judah, Simeon, Benjamin and partially Levi, are named after the southern Israelite Kingdom of Judah. The word "Jews" is found in Kings (16:6), Chronicles (I, 4:18), and in numerous passages in Jeremiah, Zechariah and the book of Esther.〔''The people and the faith of the Bible'' by André Chouraqui, Univ of Massachusetts Press, 1975, p. 43 ()〕 The Samaritans, whose religious texts consist of the five books of the Samaritan Torah (but which does not contain the books comprising the Jewish ''Tanakh''), do not refer to themselves as Jews, although they do regard themselves as Israelites, as per the Torah. The Kingdom of Israel (Samaria), often called the Northern Kingdom of Israel, contained the remaining ten tribes, but following its conquest by Assyria, these were allegedly dispersed and lost to history, and henceforth known as the Ten Lost Tribes. Jewish tradition holds that Samaria was so named because the region's mountainous terrain was used to keep "Guard" (''Shamer'') for incoming enemy attack. According to Samaritan tradition, however, the Samaritan ethnonym is not derived from the region of Samaria, but from the fact that they were the "Guardians" (''Shamerim'') of the true Israelite religion. Thus, according to Samaritan tradition, the region was named Samaria after them, not vice versa. In Jewish Hebrew, the Samaritans are called ''Shomronim'', while in Samaritan Hebrew they call themselves ''Shamerim''. In Judaism, an Israelite is, broadly speaking, a lay member of the Jewish ethnoreligious group, as opposed to the priestly orders of Kohanim and Levites. In texts of Jewish law such as the Mishnah and Gemara, the term יהודי (Yehudi), meaning Jew, is rarely used, and instead the ethnonym ישראלי (Yisraeli), or Israelite, is widely used to refer to Jews. Samaritans commonly refer to themselves and Jews collectively as Israelites, and describe themselves as the Israelite Samaritans.〔Yesaahq ben 'Aamraam. ''Samaritan Exegesis: A Compilation Of Writings From The Samaritans''. 2013. ISBN 1482770814. (Benyamim Tsedaka, at 1:24 )〕〔John Bowman. Samaritan Documents Relating to Their History, Religion and Life (Pittsburgh Original Texts and Translations Series No. 2). 1977. ISBN 0915138271〕 ==Etymology== The term "Israelite" is the English name for the descendants of the biblical patriarch Jacob in ancient times, which is derived from the Greek Ισραηλίτες,〔Strong's Exhaustive Concordance G2474〕 which was used to translate the Biblical Hebrew term "b'nei yisrael", יִשְׂרָאֵל as either "sons of Israel" or "children of Israel". ((アラビア語:بَنِي إسرَائِيـل))〔Brown Drivers Briggs H3478〕 The name "Israel" first appears in the Hebrew Bible in . It refers to the renaming of Jacob, who, according to the Bible, wrestled with an angel, who gave him a blessing and renamed him "Israel" because he had "striven with God and with men, and have prevailed". The Hebrew Bible etymologizes the name as from ''yisra'' "to prevail over" or "to struggle/wrestle with", and ''el'', "God, the divine".〔Scherman, Rabbi Nosson (editor), ''The Chumash'', The Artscroll Series, Mesorah Publications, LTD, 2006, pages 176–77〕〔Kaplan, Aryeh, "Jewish Meditation", Schocken Books, New York, 1985, page 125〕 The name "Israel" first appears in non-biblical sources c. 1209 BCE, in an inscription of the Egyptian pharaoh Merneptah. The inscription is very brief and says simply: "Israel is laid waste and his seed is not" (see below). The inscription refers to the nation, not to an individual. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Israelites」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|