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Isan (Isan/(タイ語:ภาคอีสาน) ; also written as Isaan, Isarn, Issarn, Issan, Esan, or Esarn; from Pali ''īsān'' or Sanskrit ''īśān'' "Northeast") consists of 20 provinces in the northeastern region of Thailand. Isan is Thailand's largest region, located on the Khorat Plateau, bordered by the Mekong River (along the border with Laos) to the north and east, by Cambodia to the southeast and the Sankamphaeng Range south of Nakhon Ratchasima. To the west it is separated from northern and central Thailand by the Phetchabun Mountains. Since the beginning of the 20th century, northeastern Thailand has been generally known as ''Isan'', while in official contexts the term ''phak tawan-ok-chiang-nuea'' (; "northeastern region") may be used. The term "Isan" was derived from Isanapura, the capital of the Chenla Kingdom. The majority Lao-speaking population of the region distinguish themselves not only from the Lao of Laos but also from the central Thai by calling themselves ''khon Isan'' or ''Thai Isan'' in general. However, some refer to themselves as simply ''Lao'', and academics have recently been referring to them as ''Lao Isan'' or as ''Thai Lao'', with the main issue with self-identification as ''Lao'' being stigma associated with the Lao identity within Thai society. The Khmer-speaking minority and the Kuy people ("Soui"), who live in the south of Isan, speak Austroasiatic languages and follow customs more similar to those of Cambodia than to those of the Thai and Lao, who are Tai peoples. Isan has been transformed from one of the poorest regions into Thailand's fastest growing economy. The Industry Ministry has supported industrial zones in Khon Kaen and Udon Thani.〔http://www.thaiembassy.org/kotabharu/contents/files/business-20120625-150818-476125.pdf Industrial Estates in Thailand〕 private sector's plans to invest in setting up industrial estates in provinces has shown major progress.〔Industrial estates moving forward in Khon Kaen and Udon Thani〕 The main language is Isan, which is a dialect of the Lao language. Currently written with the Thai alphabet (instead of the slightly different Lao alphabet), Isan belongs to the Chiang Saeng and Lao–Phutai language groups, which along with Thai are members of the Tai languages of the Tai–Kadai language family. Thai is also spoken by almost everyone and is the language used in education. Khmer, the language of Cambodia, is widely spoken in areas along the Cambodian border: Buriram, Surin, and Sisaket. The ''Lao Isan'' people are aware of their Lao ethnic origin, but Isan has been incorporated as a territory into the modern Thai state through over one hundred years of administrative and bureaucratic reforms, educational policy, and government media. Despite this, since the election of Thaksin Shinawatra as prime minister in the January 2001 elections, the ''Lao Isan'' identity has reemerged, and the ''Lao Isan'' are now the main ethnolinguistic group involved in the pro-Thaksin "Red Shirt movement" of the United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship. Several Thai prime ministers have come from the region. Prominent aspects of Isan culture include ''mor lam'' ((タイ語:หมอลำ)), an indigenous folk music, muay Thai ((タイ語:มวยไทย)) boxing, cock fighting, and celebratory processions ((タイ語:กระบวน)). Isan food, in which glutinous rice ((タイ語:ข้าวเหนียว), ''khao niao'') and chili peppers are prominent, is distinct from central Thai cuisine, though it is now found throughout the kingdom. Sticky rice is a staple of northeastern cuisine and it accompanies most meals. == History == (詳細はBronze Age sites, with prehistoric art in the form of cliff paintings, artifacts and early evidence of rice cultivation. Iron and bronze tools such as those found at Ban Chiang may predate similar tools from Mesopotamia. The region later came under the influence of the Dvaravati culture, followed by the Khmer Empire. The latter built dozens of prasats (sanctuaries) throughout Isan. The most significant are at Phimai Historical Park and Phanom Rung Historical Park. Preah Vihear Temple was also considered to be in Isan, until the International Court of Justice in 1962 ruled that it belonged to Cambodia. After the Khmer Empire began to decline in the 13th century, Isan was dominated by the Lao Lan Xang kingdom, which had been established by Fa Ngum. Due to a scarcity of information from the periods known as the dark ages of Cambodia, the plateau seems to have been largely depopulated. There were few if any lines of demarcation, for prior to the 19th century introduction of modern mapping, the region fell under what 20th century scholars called the "mandala system". Accordingly, in 1718 the first Lao mueang in the Chi valley — and indeed anywhere in the interior of the Khorat Plateau — was founded at Suwannaphum District (in present-day Roi Et Province) by an official in the service of King Nokasad of the Kingdom of Champasak.〔, page 47〕 The region was increasingly settled by both Lao and Thai emigrants. Thailand held sway from the 17th century, and carried out forced population transfers from the more populous left (east) bank of the Mekong to the right bank in the 18th and 19th centuries. This became more severe following the Lao rebellion (1826–1828) for complete independence of 1826–9. In the wake the Franco-Siamese War of 1893, the resulting treaty with France and the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 made the plateau a border region between Thailand and the Laos of French Indochina. In the mid-20th century, a nationalist policy called Thaification promoted the ethnic cleansing of Isan as an integral part of Thailand and de-emphasised the Lao and Khmer ethnicities of the residents for the fear that they may someday return to Laos or Cambodia. The national government claimed that the name "Isan" was derived from Sanskrit ''Īśāna'', a name of Shiva they claimed referred to his rule of the northeast (Sanskrit ''īśānya''). This interpretation was intended to reinforce Isan's identity as the northeast of Thailand, rather than as part of the Lao kingdom because of the fear of the Lao people seceding. Before the central government introduced the Thai alphabet and language in regional schools, the people of Isan wrote in the Lao alphabet, a very similar script that Thai adopted. Most people still speak the Isan language, a dialect of the Lao language, as their first language. A significant minority in the south also speak Northern Khmer. The Kuy people, an Austronesian people concentrated around the core of what was once the Chenla Kingdom and known as the ''Khmer Boran'' "ancient Khmer", are a link to the region's pre-Tai history. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Isan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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