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Etugen Eke
Etügen Eke ("Mother Earth", also transliterated variously as Itügen or Etügen Ekhe) is a Mongolian (Mongolian: Etügen ekh) and Turkic earth goddess. She was believed to be perpetually virginal. In Mongolian language word "etugen" associates with woman and daughter of Kayra.
Also her name may originated from Ötüken, the holy mountain of the earth and fertility〔Enciclopèdia de l'Islam, VIII, 236, M. Th. Houtsma〕 goddess of the ancient Turks.〔Türk Söylence Sözlüğü (Turkish Mythological Dictionary), Deniz Karakurt, (OTRS: CC BY-SA 3.0)〕 Medieval sources sometimes pair Etugen with a male counterpart named Natigai or Nachigai〔The Travels of Marco Polo〕 (Natikai, Natıkay),〔(Siberian Mythology - Asia )〕 although this is probably a mistake based on a mispronunciation of Etugen. In Mongol mythology Etugen is often represented as a young woman riding a grey bull.
==Mother Earth==
Etugen existed in the middle of the Universe. The Turkish people depicted Etugen as a voluptuous, beautiful woman, who was patroness of the Homeland and nature. All living beings were subordinate to her. Therefore, the Turkish people viewed Etugen as the second highest deity, after Kök-Tengri (Gök Tanrı). The dominant role in determining the fate of people and nations belonged to Tengri, but natural forces yielded to Etugen. Sometimes on Tengri's command, Etugen punished people for their sins. But she was generally considered a benevolent Goddess. To appease the goddess Etugen, sacrifices were made every spring in preparation for the cattle-breeding season and before planting crops. Sacrifices were also conducted in the autumn, after the completion of the harvest. During the times of the Khaganates,〔Kreiser und Neumann: Kleine Geschichte der Türkei. Stuttgart 2003, P. 20〕 sacrifices to Etugen had a nationwide character. They were conducted near rivers and on the banks of lakes. A reddish horse was sacrificed with appeals for the fertility of cattle and crops, and for general well being.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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