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J. G. Ballard
James Graham "J. G." Ballard (15 November 193019 April 2009) was an English novelist, short story writer, and essayist.
Ballard came to be associated with the New Wave of science fiction early in his career with apocalyptic (or post-apocalyptic) novels such as ''The Drowned World'' (1962), ''The Burning World'' (1964), and ''The Crystal World'' (1966). In the late 1960s and early 1970s Ballard focused on an eclectic variety of short stories (or "condensed novels") such as those found in ''The Atrocity Exhibition'' (1970), which drew comparison with the work of postmodernist writers such as William S. Burroughs. In 1973 the highly controversial novel ''Crash'' was published, a story about symphorophilia and car crash fetishism; the protagonist becomes sexually aroused by staging and participating in car crashes. The story was later adapted into a film of the same name by David Cronenberg.
While much of Ballard's fiction is thematically and stylistically unusual, he is perhaps best known for his relatively conventional war novel, ''Empire of the Sun'' (1984), a semi-autobiographical account of a young British boy's experiences in Shanghai during the Second Sino-Japanese War as it came to be occupied by the Japanese Imperial Army. Described by ''The Guardian'' as "the best British novel about the Second World War", the story was adapted into a 1987 film by Steven Spielberg which starred a 12 year old Christian Bale as the young boy.
The literary distinctiveness of Ballard's work has given rise to the adjective "Ballardian", defined by the ''Collins English Dictionary'' as "resembling or suggestive of the conditions described in J. G. Ballard's novels and stories, especially dystopian modernity, bleak man-made landscapes and the psychological effects of technological, social or environmental developments." The ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' entry describes Ballard's work as being occupied with "eros, thanatos, mass media and emergent technologies".〔Will Self, (‘Ballard, James Graham (1930–2009)’ ), ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, Jan 2013, accessed 3 Jan 2013, 〕
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