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Jewish Defense League
The Jewish Defense League (JDL) is a Jewish far-right religious-political organization in the United States, whose stated goal is to "protect Jews from antisemitism by whatever means necessary".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Anti-Defamation League on JDL )〕 While the group asserts that it "unequivocally condemns terrorism" and states that it has a "strict no-tolerance policy against terrorism and other felonious acts", it was classified as "a right-wing terrorist group" by the FBI in 2001 and is considered a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=FBI — Terrorism 2000/2001 )〕〔(SPLCenter.org: Anti-Arab Terrorism )〕 According to the FBI, the JDL has been involved in plotting and executing acts of terrorism within the United States.〔〔http://www.dn.pt/inicio/globo/interior.aspx?content_id=4058003&seccao=Europa〕
Founded by Rabbi Meir Kahane in New York City in 1968, the JDL's self-described purpose was to protect Jews from local manifestations of antisemitism.〔〔(JDL group profile from ''National Consortium for the Study of Terror and Responses to Terrorism'' ) 〕 Its criticism of the Soviet Union increased support for the group, transforming it from a "vigilante club" into an organization with a stated membership numbering over 15,000 at one point. The group took to bombing Arab and Soviet properties in the United States,〔Hewitt, p. 65〕 and targeting various alleged "enemies of the Jewish people", ranging from Arab-American political activists to neo-Nazis, for assassination.〔Nasseph McCarus, Ernest. ''The Development of Arab-American Identity''. 1994, pp. 180–3〕 A number of JDL members have been linked to violent, and sometimes deadly, attacks in the United States and in other countries, including the murder of the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee regional director Alex Odeh in 1985, the Cave of the Patriarchs massacre in 1994, and a plot to assassinate Congressman Darrell Issa in 2001.〔Kushner, Harvey W. ''Encyclopedia of Terrorism''. 2003, pp. 192–3〕 The National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism's database of identified terrorist organizations, which is compiled by official contractors and consultants to the United States government and is supported by the Department of Homeland Security, identifies the JDL as a "former terrorist organization".〔(MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base ) 〕 The JDL's website states that it rejects terrorism.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Official Jewish Defense League Website )〕
According to the Anti-Defamation League, the JDL consists only of "thugs and hooligans".〔Bohn, Michael K. ''The Achille Lauro Hijacking''. 2004, pp. 176–7〕 The group's founder, Meir Kahane, "preached a radical form of Jewish nationalism which reflected racism, violence and political extremism,"〔 attitudes that were replicated by Irv Rubin, the successor to Kahane. In 2002, the Southern Poverty Law Center added the Jewish Defense League to its list of watched hate groups for the JDL's "long history of bombing, assaulting and threatening its perceived enemies" such as "the Soviet Union, neo-Nazi activists, Palestinian leaders, prominent black Americans and even Jewish moderates" as well as other Jewish radicals, and stated that the JDL "claims to have 13,000 members, but apparently has a few dozen at best."〔
In 1994, the JDL's sister movements Kach and Kahane Chai were both outlawed in Israel as terrorist organizations posing a threat to state security; they are also banned in the United States and the European Union.〔 "JDL Canada" remains legal, despite sharing the ideology, goals and identical logo of the banned organization.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://jdl-canada.com/about-us/ )〕 However, the French branch of the JDL, the Ligue de Défense Juive (LDJ), is not illegal in France. Several JDL members and leaders died violent deaths, including Kahane himself.〔
==Organization==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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