|
Jacobethan is the style designation coined in 1933 by John Betjeman〔Betjeman, '' Ghastly Good Taste'', 1933; Thomas Burns McArthur, Feri McArthur, eds. ''The Oxford companion to the English language'', 1992:539.〕 to describe the mixed national Renaissance revival style that was made popular in England from the late 1820s,〔Newman and Pevsner 1972:55〕 which derived most of its inspiration and its repertory from the English Renaissance (1550–1625), with elements of Elizabethan and Jacobean. The "Jacobethan" architectural style is also called "Jacobean Revival". Betjeman's original definition of the style is as follows: The style in which the Gothic predominates may be called, inaccurately enough, Elizabethan, and the style in which the classical predominates over the Gothic, equally inaccurately, may be called Jacobean. To save the time of those who do not wish to distinguish between these periods of architectural uncertainty, I will henceforward use the term "Jacobethan".〔Betjeman, '' Ghastly Good Taste'', London, Chapman and Hall, 1933 p 41〕 The term caught on with art historians. Timothy Mowl asserts in ''The Elizabethan and Jacobean Style'' (2001) that the 'Jacobethan' style represents the last outpouring of an authentically native genius that was stifled by slavish adherence to European baroque taste. ==As an architectural term== In architecture the style's main characteristics are flattened, cusped "Tudor" arches, lighter stone trims around windows and doors, carved brick detailing, steep roof gables, often terra-cotta brickwork, balustrades and parapets, pillars supporting porches and high chimneys as in the Elizabethan style. Examples of this style are Harlaxton Manor in Lincolnshire (''illustration''), Mentmore Towers in Buckinghamshire and Sandringham House in Norfolk, England. In June 1835, when the competition was announced for designs for new Houses of Parliament, the terms asked for designs either in the Gothic or the Elizabethan style. The seal was set on the Gothic Revival as a national style, even for the grandest projects on the largest scale; at the same time, the competition introduced the possibility of an ''Elizabethan'' revival. Of the ninety-seven designs submitted, six were in a self-described "Elizabethan" style.〔Pevsner 1962:477〕 In 1838, with the Gothic revival was well under way in Britain, Joseph Nash, trained in A.W.N. Pugin's office designing Gothic details, struck out on his own with a lithographed album ''Architecture of the Middle Ages: Drawn from Nature and on Stone'' in 1838. Casting about for a follow-up, Nash extended the range of antiquarian interests forward in time with his next series of lithographs ''The Mansions of England in the Olden Time'' 1839–1849, which accurately illustrated Tudor and Jacobean great houses, interiors as well as exteriors, made lively with furnishings and peopled by inhabitants in ruffs and farthingales, the quintessence of "Merrie Olde England". A volume of text accompanied the fourth and last volume of plates in 1849, but it was Nash's picturesque illustrations that popularized the style and created a demand for the variations on the English Renaissance styles that was the essence of the newly revived "Jacobethan" vocabulary. Two young architects already providing Jacobethan buildings were James Pennethorne and Anthony Salvin, both later knighted. Salvin's Jacobethan Harlaxton Manor, near Grantham, Lincolnshire, its first sections completed in 1837, is the great example that defines the style. The ''Jacobethan'' Revival survived the late 19th century and became a part of the commercial builder's repertory through the first 20 years of the 20th century. Apart from its origins in the UK, the style became popular both in Canada and throughout the United States during those periods, for sturdy "baronial" dwellings in a free Renaissance style. A key exponent of the style in Britain was T.G. Jackson. Some examples can also be found in buildings in the former British Empire, such as Rashtrapati Niwas, the Viceregal Lodge at Shimla. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jacobethan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|