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Jacobin (politics)
During the French Revolution (1789 to 1799), a Jacobin ((:ʒakɔbɛ̃)) was a member of the Jacobin Club, a revolutionary political movement that had been the most famous political club of the French Revolution.〔Tony Judt. Marxism and the ''French Left: Studies on Labour and Politics in France, 1830–1981''. New York, New York, USA; London, England, UK: New York University Press, 2011. Pp. 108.〕 The club was so called from the Dominican convent where they originally met, in the Rue Saint-Jacques (Latin: ''Jacobus'') in Paris.
Today, ''Jacobin'' and ''Jacobinism'' are used in a variety of senses. ''Jacobin'' is sometimes used in Britain as a pejorative for radical, left-wing revolutionary politics (), especially when it exhibits dogmatism and violent repression. In France, ''Jacobin'' now generally indicates a supporter of a centralized republican state and strong central government powers〔Alain Rey, Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Le Robert, 1992.〕 and/or supporters of extensive government intervention to transform society.〔François Furet et Mona Ozouf, Dictionnaire critique de la Révolution française, Idées, Champs Flammarion, p.243〕 It is also used in other related senses, indicating proponents of a state education system which strongly promotes and inculcates civic values, and proponents of a strong nation-state capable of resisting any undesirable foreign influences.〔
==Jacobins in the French Revolution==
The Jacobin Club was one of several organizations that grew out of the French Revolution, and it was distinguished for its left-wing, revolutionary politics. Because of this, the Jacobins, unlike other sects like the Girondins, were closely allied to the sans-culottes, who were a popular force of working-class Parisians that played a pivotal role in the development of the revolution. The Jacobins had a significant presence in the National Convention, and were dubbed 'the Mountain' for their seats in the uppermost part of the chamber. Eventually, the Revolution coalesced around the Mountain's power, with the help of the insurrections of the sans-culottes, and, led by Robespierre, the Jacobins established a revolutionary dictatorship, or the joint domination of the Committee of Public Safety and Committee of General Security. The Jacobin dictatorship was known for enacting the Reign of Terror, which targeted speculators, monarchists, left-wing agitators, Hébertists, and traitors, and led to many beheadings.
The Jacobins were known for creating a strong government that could deal with the needs of war, economic chaos, and internal rebellion (such as the War in the Vendée). The Jacobins supported the rights of property, but represented a much more middle-class position than the government which succeeded them in Thermidor. Their economic policy established the General maximum, in order to control prices and create stability both for the workers and poor and the revolution. They favored free trade and a liberal economy much like the Girondists, but their relationship to the people made them more willing to adapt interventionist economic policies.〔
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