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Great Expectations
''Great Expectations'' is Charles Dickens's thirteenth novel and his penultimate completed novel; a bildungsroman which depicts the personal growth and personal development of an orphan nicknamed Pip. It is Dickens's second novel, after ''David Copperfield'', to be fully narrated in the first person.〔''Bleak House'' alternates between a third-person narrator and a first-person narrator, Esther Summerson, but the former is predominant.〕 The novel was first published as a serial in Dickens's weekly periodical ''All the Year Round'', from 1 December 1860 to August 1861. In October 1861, Chapman and Hall published the novel in three volumes.
It is set among marshes in Kent, and in London, in the early to mid-1800s,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Great Expectations by Charles Dickens )〕 and contains some of Dickens' most memorable scenes, including the opening, in a graveyard, where the young Pip is accosted by the escaped convict, Abel Magwitch.〔, introduction.〕 ''Great Expectations'' is full of extreme imagery – poverty; prison ships and chains, and fights to the death〔 – and has a colourful cast of characters who have entered popular culture. These include the eccentric Miss Havisham, the beautiful but cold Estella, and Joe, the kind and generous blacksmith. Dickens's themes include wealth and poverty, love and rejection, and the eventual triumph of good over evil.〔 ''Great Expectations'' is popular both with readers and literary critics, and has been translated into many languages, and adapted numerous times into various media.
Upon its release, the novel received near universal acclaim.〔 Thomas Carlyle spoke disparagingly of "all that Pip's nonsense". Later, George Bernard Shaw praised the novel, as "All of one piece and consistently truthfull." During the serial publication, Dickens was pleased with public response to ''Great Expectations'' and its sales;〔 when the plot first formed in his mind, he called it "a very fine, new and grotesque idea".
==Development history==
As Dickens began writing ''Great Expectations'', he undertook a series of hugely popular and remunerative reading tours. His domestic life had disintegrated in the late 1850s however, and he had separated from his wife, Catherine Dickens. He was keeping secret an affair with a much younger woman, Ellen Ternan. It has been suggested that the reluctance with which Ellen Ternan became his mistress is reflected in the icy teasing of Estella in ''Great Expectations''.〔Great Expectations, Introduction, p. 12, Penguin English Library 1984〕
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