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Janenschia
''Janenschia'' (named after Werner Janensch) was a large sauropod from Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania, Africa (155 million years ago).
==Classification==
This sauropod has had a superfluous taxonomic and phylogenetic history. When first discovered, Eberhard Fraas named it as a species of ''Gigantosaurus'', ''G. robustus'', based on the holotype partial skeleton SMNS 12144.〔E. Fraas, 1908, "Dinosaurierfunde in Ostafrika", Jahreshefte des Vereins für Vaterländische Naturkunde in Württemberg 64: 84-86〕 However, when ''Gigantosaurus'' was renamed ''Tornieria'' in 1911, ''G. robustus'' was placed in ''Tornieria'', as ''T. robusta''.〔R. Sternfeld. 1911. Zur Nomenklatur der Gattung Gigantosaurus Fraas (the nomenclature of the genus Gigantosaurus Fraas ). Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 8:398〕 Although ''Tornieria'' was eventually synonymized with ''Barosaurus'' (although nowadays considered distinct), SMNS 12144 was still referred to ''Tornieria'' by several authors,〔E. Stromer. 1932. Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens. II. Wirbeltierreste der Baharîje-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 11. Sauropoda (of the expeditions of Professor E. Stromer in the Egyptian deserts. II. Vertebrate animal remains from the Baharîje bed (lowest Cenomanian). 11. Sauropoda ). Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung, Neue Folge 10:1-21〕〔R. Steel. 1970. Part 14. Saurischia. Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie/Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart 1-87〕〔S. L. Jain, T. S. Kutty, T. K. Roy-Chowdhury and S. Chatterjee. 1979. Some characteristics of Barapasaurus tagorei, a sauropod dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of Deccan, India. In B. Laskar & C. S. Raja Rao (eds.), Fourth International Gondwana Symposium: Papers. Hindustan Publishing Corporation, Delhi 1:204-216〕〔E. Buffetaut. 1989. Une vertèbre de Dinosaure Titanosauridé dans le Cénomanien du Mans et ses implications paléobiogéographiques (titanosaurid dinosaur vertebra in the Cenomanian of Le Mans and its paleobiogeographic implications ). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences à Paris, Série II 309:437-443〕 although one author referred ''T. robusta'' to ''Barosaurus'', as ''B. robustus''.〔S. H. Haughton. 1928. On some reptilian remains from the Dinosaur Beds of Nyasaland. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 16:67-75〕
In 1991, German palaeontologist Rupert Wild of the Stuttgart Museum of Natural Sciences clarified the taxonomic status of ''G. robustus'', by concluding that it was generically distinct from ''Tornieria''. He renamed it ''Janenschia'' in honor of Werner Janensch, who had studied the vertebrate fauna from Tendaguru. ''Janenschia'' was placed in the family Titanosauridae, making it the oldest member of Titanosauria.〔R. Wild. 1991. Janenschia n. g. robusta (E. Fraas 1908) pro Tornieria robusta (E. Fraas 1908) (Reptilia, Saurischia, Sauropodomorpha) (n. g. robusta (E. Fraas 1908) for Tornieria robusta (E. Fraas 1908) (Reptilia, Saurischia, Sauropodomorpha) ). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 173:1-4〕
As a side note, a number of remains formerly assigned to ''Janenschia'' have been recognized as either distinct or belonging outside Neosauropoda. Two anterior dorsal vertebrae previously referred to the genus were named ''Tendaguria'' in 2000.〔J.F. Bonaparte, W.-D. Heinrich, and R. Wild, 2000, "Review of Janenschia Wild, with the description of a new sauropod from the Tendaguru beds of Tanzania and a discussion on the systematic value of procoelous caudal vertebrae in the Sauropoda", Palaeontographica Abteilung A 256(1-3): 25-76〕 On the other hand, the caudal vertebral series MB.R.2091.1-30 does not overlap with SMNS 12144 and instead represents the first specimen of Mamenchisauridae from outside Asia.〔Mannion, P. D., Upchurch P., Barnes R. N., & Mateus O. (2013). Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 1-109.〕 Recent cladistic analysis place ''Janenschia'' as a non-titanosauriform macronarian.〔Upchurch P., Mannion P.D., Taylor M.P., 2015, "The Anatomy and Phylogenetic Relationships of “Pelorosaurus“ becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England", PLoS ONE 10(6): e0125819. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125819〕
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