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The Japonic language family includes the Japanese language spoken on the main islands of Japan as well as the Ryukyuan languages spoken in the Ryukyu Islands. The family is widely accepted by linguists, and the term "Japonic languages" was coined by Leon Serafim.〔Shimabukuro, Moriyo. (2007). ''The Accentual History of the Japanese and Ryukyuan Languages: a Reconstruction,'' p. 1.〕 The common ancestral language is known as Proto-Japonic.〔Miyake, Marc Hideo. (2008). 〕 The essential feature of this classification is that the first split in the family resulted in the separation of all dialects of Japanese from all varieties of Ryukyuan. According to Shiro Hattori, this separation occurred during the Yamato period (250–710).〔Heinrich, Patrick. ("What leaves a mark should no longer stain: Progressive erasure and reversing language shift activities in the Ryukyu Islands," ) First International Small Island Cultures Conference at Kagoshima University, Centre for the Pacific Islands, February 7–10, 2005; citing Shiro Hattori. (1954) ''Gengo nendaigaku sunawachi goi tokeigaku no hoho ni tsuite'' ("Concerning the Method of Glottochronology and Lexicostatistics"), ''Gengo kenkyu'' (''Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan''), Vols. 26/27.〕 Scholarly discussions about the origin of Japonic languages present an unresolved set of related issues.〔Blench, Roger M. (2008). 〕 The clearest connections seem to be with toponyms in southern Korea, which may be in Gaya (Kara) or other scarcely attested languages.〔Christopher I. Beckwith, ''Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present'' (Princeton University Press, 2009: ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2), p. 105.〕 == Members == The Japonic (or Japanese–Ryukyuan) languages are: * * * : The Japanese spoken on Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, and Hokkaido * * * : Most dialects from Nagoya east, including the modern standard dialect Tokyo dialect. * * * : Most dialects west of Nagoya, including the former standard dialect Kyoto dialect. * * * : Dialects on the island of Kyushu. * * * * /: Dialect spoken in Kagoshima Prefecture, in southern Kyushu * * : The Japanese spoken on Hachijōjima and Daitō Islands, including Aogashima * : Languages originally and traditionally spoken throughout the Ryukyu Islands chain, most are considered "definitely" or "critically endangered" due to mainland Japanese influence after the conquering of the Ryukyu Kingdom by Meiji Japan. Most are considered dialects of Japanese in Japan, despite little intelligibility with Japanese or amongst each other. * * : Languages spoken in the northern part of the Ryukyu Islands chain, consisting of the major Amami and Okinawa Islands. * * * //: Language spoken in most of the Amami Islands, particularly Amami Ōshima, Kikaijima, and Tokunoshima. * * * * / * * * * / * * * * // * * * * // * * * //: Language spoken in the northern region of Okinawa Island, and neighboring islands of Okinoerabujima and Yoronjima. Main dialect spoken in the cities of Nakijin and Nago. * * * *// * * * *// * * * *// * * * //: Language spoken in the central and southern regions of Okinawa Island, and neighboring islands. Main dialect spoken in Naha, and the former city of Shuri. * * : Languages spoken in the southern part of the Ryukyu Islands chain, comprising the Sakishima Islands. * * * ///: Language spoken in the Miyako Islands, with dialects on Irabu and Tarama. * * * //: Language spoken in the Yaeyama Islands, with dialects on each island, but primarily Ishigaki Island, Iriomote Island, and Taketomi Island, which is known as . * * * //: Language spoken on Yonaguni Island, unique from the language and dialects of the other Yaeyama Islands. Beckwith includes toponymic material from southern Korea as evidence of an additional ancient Japonic language there:〔Christopher Beckwith, 2007, ''Koguryo, the Language of Japan's Continental Relatives'', pp 27–28〕 *Yayoi * * Japanese * * Pre-Kara† * Ryukyuan It is not clear if "pre-Kara" was related to the language of the later Gaya (Kara) confederacy. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Japonic languages」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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