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The Jātaka tales are a voluminous body of literature native to India concerning the previous births of Gautama Buddha. These are the stories that tell about the previous lives of the Buddha, in both human and animal form. The future Buddha may appear in them as a king, an outcast, a god, an elephant—but, in whatever form, he exhibits some virtue that the tale thereby inculcates.〔 (【引用サイトリンク】 Jataka )〕 In Theravada Buddhism, the Jatakas are a textual division of the Pāli Canon, included in the Khuddaka Nikaya of the ''Sutta Pitaka''. The term ''Jātaka'' may also refer to a traditional commentary on this book. ==History== The Jatakas were originally amongst the earliest Buddhist literature, with metrical analysis methods dating their average contents to around the 4th century BCE.〔Warder, A.K. ''Indian Buddhism''. 2000. pp. 286-287〕 The Mahāsāṃghika Caitika sects from the Āndhra region took the Jatakas as canonical literature and are known to have rejected some of the Theravada Jatakas which dated past the time of King Ashoka.〔Sujato, Bhikkhu. ''Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools.'' 2006. p. 51〕 The Caitikas claimed that their own Jatakas represented the original collection before the Buddhist tradition split into various lineages.〔 According to A. K. Warder, the Jatakas are the precursors to the various legendary biographies of the Buddha, which were composed at later dates.〔Warder, A.K. ''Indian Buddhism''. 2000. pp. 332-333〕 Although many Jatakas were written from an early period, which describe previous lives of the Buddha, very little biographical material about Gautama's own life has been recorded.〔 The Jataka-Mala of Arya Shura in Sanskrit gives 34 Jataka stories.〔THE JATAKA-MALA Stories of Buddha's former Incarnations OTHERWISE ENTITLED BODHISATTVA-AVADANA-MALA By ARYA-SURA CRITICALLY EDITED IN THE ORIGINAL SANSKRITu7 BY DR. HENDRIK KERN, http://archive.org/details/jatakamala015656mbp〕 At the Ajanta Caves, Jataka scenes are inscribed with quotes from Arya Shura,〔Literary History of Sanskrit Buddhism: From Winternitz, Sylvain Levi, Huber, By Gushtaspshah K. Nariman, Moriz Winternitz, Sylvain Lévi, Edouard Huber, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1972 p. 44〕 with script datable to sixth century. It had already been translated into Chinese in 434 CE. Borobudur contains depictions of all 34 Jatakas from Jataka Mala.〔Jataka/Avadana Stories — Table of Contents http://www.borobudur.tv/avadana_01.htm〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jataka tales」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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