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The Golan Heights ((アラビア語:هضبة الجولان) or مرتفعات الجولان , (ヘブライ語:רמת הגולן), ), or simply the Golan or the Syrian Golan, is a region in the Levant. The exact region defined as the Golan Heights is different in different disciplines: *As a geological and biogeographical region, the Golan Heights is a basaltic plateau bordered by the Yarmouk River in the south, the Sea of Galilee and Hula Valley in the west, Mount Hermon in the north, and the Raqqad Wadi in the east. The western two-thirds of this region are currently occupied by Israel, whereas the eastern third is controlled by Syria. *As a geopolitical region, the Golan Heights is the area captured from Syria and occupied by Israel during the Six-Day War, territory which Israel effectively annexed in 1981. This region includes the western two-thirds of the geological Golan Heights, as well as the Israeli-occupied part of Mount Hermon. The earliest evidence of human habitation dates to the Upper Paleolithic period.〔Tina Shepardson. (Stones and Stories: Reconstructing the Christianization of the Golan ), Biblisches Forum, 1999.〕 According to the Bible, an Amorite Kingdom in Bashan was conquered by Israelites during the reign of King Og.〔, , , , , , 〕 Throughout the Old Testament period, the Golan was "the focus of a power struggle between the Kings of Israel and the Aramaeans who were based near modern-day Damascus." The Itureans, an Arab or Aramaic people, settled there in the 2nd century BCE and remained until the end of the Byzantine period. Organized Jewish settlement in the region came to an end in 636 CE when it was conquered by Arabs under Umar ibn al-Khattāb.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/golan_hts.html )〕 In the 16th century, the Golan was conquered by the Ottoman Empire and was part of the Vilayet of Damascus until it was transferred to French control in 1918. When the mandate terminated in 1946, it became part of the newly independent Syrian Arab Republic. Internationally recognized as Syrian territory, the Golan Heights has been occupied and administered by Israel since 1967.〔 It was captured during the 1967 Six-Day War, establishing the Purple Line. On 19 June 1967, the Israeli cabinet voted to return the Golan to Syria in exchange for a peace agreement, although this was rejected after the Khartoum Resolution of September 1, 1967.〔Herzog, Chaim, The Arab Israeli Wars, New York: Random House (1982) p.190-191〕 In the aftermath of the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Israel agreed to return about 5% of the territory to Syrian civilian control. This part was incorporated into a demilitarised zone that runs along the ceasefire line and extends eastward. This strip is under the military control of UNDOF. Construction of Israeli settlements began in the remainder of the territory held by Israel, which was under military administration until Israel passed the Golan Heights Law extending Israeli law and administration throughout the territory in 1981.〔( Golan Heights Law ), MFA.〕 This move was condemned by the United Nations Security Council in UN Resolution 497,〔〔(UN Security Council Resolution 497 )〕 which said that "the Israeli decision to impose its laws, jurisdiction and administration in the occupied Syrian Golan Heights is null and void and without international legal effect." Israel states it has a right to retain the Golan, citing the text of UN Resolution 242, which calls for "safe and recognised boundaries free from threats or acts of force".〔Y.Z Blum "Secure Boundaries and Middle East Peace in the Light of International Law and Practice" (1971) pages 24–46〕 However, the international community reject Israeli claims to title to the territory and regards it as sovereign Syrian territory.〔 * "The international community maintains that the Israeli decision to impose its laws, jurisdiction and administration in the occupied Syrian Golan is null and void and without international legal effect." * "...occupied Syrian Golan Heights..." ((The Arab Peace Initiative, 2002 ), ''www.al-bab.com''. Retrieved August 1, 2010.) * In 2008, a plenary session of the United Nations General Assembly voted by 161–1 in favour of a motion on the "occupied Syrian Golan" that reaffirmed support for UN Resolution 497. ((General Assembly adopts broad range of texts, 26 in all, on recommendation of its fourth Committee, including on decolonization, information, Palestine refugees ), United Nations, December 5, 2008.) *"the Syrian Golan Heights territory, which Israel has occupied since 1967". Also, "the Golan Heights, a 450-square mile portion of southwestern Syria that Israel occupied during the 1967 Arab-Israeli war." ((CRS Issue Brief for Congress: Syria: U.S. Relations and Bilateral Issues ), Congressional Research Service. 19 January 2006)〕〔Occupied territory: * "Israeli-occupied Golan Heights" (Central Intelligence Agency. (CIA World Factbook 2010 ), Skyhorse Publishing Inc., 2009. pg. 339. ISBN 1-60239-727-9.) * "...the United States considers the Golan Heights to be occupied territory subject to negotiation and Israeli withdrawal..." (("CRS Issue Brief for Congress: Israeli-United States Relations" ), Congressional Research Service, April 5, 2002. pg. 5. Retrieved August 1, 2010.) * "Occupied Golan Heights" ((Travel advice: Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories ), UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Retrieved August 1, 2010.) * "In the ICRC's view, the Golan is an occupied territory." ((ICRC activities in the occupied Golan during 2007 ), International Committee of the Red Cross, April 24, 2008.)〕〔Korman, Sharon. (The right of conquest: the acquisition of territory by force in international law and practice ), Oxford University Press, 1996. pg. 265. ISBN 0-19-828007-6. "The continued occupation of the Syrian Golan Heights is recognized by many states as valid and consistent with the provisions of the United Nations Charter, on a self-defence basis. Israel, on this view, would be entitled to exact as a condition of withdrawal from the territory the imposition of security measures of an indefinite character--such as perpetual demilitarization, or the emplacement of a United Nations force--which would ensure, or tend to ensure, that the territory would not be used against it for aggression on future occasions. But the notion that Israel is entitled to claim any status other than that of belligerent occupant in the territory which it occupies, or to act beyond the strict bounds laid down in the Fourth Geneva Convention, has been universally rejected by the international community--no less by the United States than by any other state."〕 Israeli Prime Ministers Yitzhak Rabin, Ehud Barak, and Ehud Olmert each stated that they were willing to exchange the Golan for peace with Syria. However, in 2010, Israeli foreign minister Avigdor Lieberman told Syria to abandon its dreams of recovering the Golan Heights. Approximately 10% of Syrian Golan Druze have accepted Israeli citizenship.〔(At a Glance: The Golan Heights ) World News Australia, 6 June 2011〕 According to the CIA World Factbook, as of 2010, "there are 41 Israeli settlements and civilian land use sites in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights."〔 ==Etymology and toponymy== Arabic names are ''Jawlān''〔 and ''Djolan'' ((アラビア語:جولان)). In the Bible ''Golan'' is mentioned as a city of refuge located in Bashan: , , . Nineteenth-century authors interpreted the word "Golan" ((ヘブライ語:גולן)) as meaning "something ''surrounded'', hence a ''district''".〔"Ancient faiths embodied in ancient names: or, An attempt to trace the religious belief ... of certain nations", by Thomas Inman, 1872 History, page 551〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=A Dictionary of the Bible: Volume II: (Part I: Feign -- Hyssop) )〕 The Greek name for the region is ''Gaulanitis'' ((ギリシア語:Γαυλανῖτις)).〔 In the Mishna the name is ''Gablān'' similar to Aramaic language names for the region: ''Gawlāna'', ''Guwlana'' and ''Gublānā''. Arab cartographers of the Byzantine period referred to the area as ''jabal'' (mountain), though the region is a plateau.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century )〕 The Muslims took over in 7th century CE.〔 The 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia refers to the region as ''Gaulonitis''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6530-gaulonitis )〕 The name ''Golan Heights'' was not used before the 19th century.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Golan Heights」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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