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Jaꞑalif, Janalif or Yañalif (Tatar jaꞑa əlifba/yaña älifba → jaꞑalif/yañalif (:jʌŋɑˈlif), Cyrillic (unicode:Яңалиф), "new alphabet") was the first Latin alphabet used during the Soviet epoch for the Tatar language in the 1930s. It replaced the ''Yaña imlâ'' Arabic script-based alphabet in 1928 and was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in 1939. There were 33 letters in Jaꞑalif; nine were for vowels. The apostrophe was used for the glottal stop (həmzə/hämzä) and was sometimes sorted as a letter. Other characters were also in use for foreign names. The small letter B looks like (unicode:ʙ) (to prevent confusion with Ь ь), and the capital letter Y looks like У. The letter Ꞑ ꞑ (11px 8px) looks like N n/ŋ which has a descender as in Cyrillic letters Щ, Җ, Ң. The letter no. 33 (similar to Zhuang (unicode:Ƅ)) isn't represented in Unicode, but it looks exactly like Cyrillic soft sign (Ь). Capital (unicode:Ə) also looks like Russian Э in some fonts. ==History== The earliest example of the Kypchak language, the main ancestor of the modern Tatar language and written with Latin characters, is the Codex Cumanicus. These letters could be used for Catholic devotions among Turkic Catholics within the Golden Horde. Nevertheless, the culture of Catholic Hordians disappeared and this alphabet was lost. For centuries the Tatar language as well as other Turkic languages used a modified Arabic alphabet, İske imlâ. The alphabet was far from perfect, both technically and logically (different initial, medium, final and stand-alone forms, no glyphs for short vowels). Because of this some Turkic intelligentsia tended to use the Latin or even Cyrillic script. The first attempts appeared in the mid-19th century among Azerbaijanis.〔 М.З. Закиев. Тюрко-татарское письмо. История, состояние, перспективы. Москва, "Инсан", 2005〕 At the same period the Russian missionary Ilminski, along with followers, invented the modified Russian alphabet for all peoples of Idel-Ural. Nevertheless, modern alphabet uses other glyphs: ((unicode:Ә instead of Ӓ, Ө instead of Ӧ, Ү instead of Ӱ, Җ instead of Ж, Ң instead of Ҥ)), the principles of the modern Cyrillic Tatar alphabet was first invented then. But Ilmiski's alphabet were used for the purpose of Christianization and Muslim Tatars didn't use his alphabet. Ilminski's alphabet is still used among Keräşen Tatars. Interestingly, this alphabet still uses pre-revolutionary Russian spelling of Orthodox names, using Fita and Ukrainian I. In 1908–1909 the Tatar poet Säğit Rämiev started to use the Latin script in his own works. He offered the use of digraphs: ''ea'' for ä, ''eu'' for ü, ''eo'' for ö and ''ei'' for ı. But Arabists turned down his project. In the early 1920s Azerbaijanis devised their own Latin alphabet, but Tatarstan scholars set a little store to this project, preferring to reform the İske imlâ. The simplified Iske imla, known as Yaña imlâ was used from 1920–1927.〔 But Latinization was adopted by the Soviet officials and the special ''Central Committee for a New Alphabet'' was established in Moscow. The first project of the Tatar-Bashkir Latin alphabet was published in ''Eşçe'' (''The Worker'') gazette in 1924. The pronunciation of the alphabet was similar to English, unlike the following. Specific Bashkir sounds were written with digraphs. However, this alphabet was declined.〔 In 1926 the Congress of Turkologists in Baku recommended to switch all Turkic languages to the Latin script. In April 1926 the ''Jaꞑa tatar əlifʙasь/Yaña tatar älifbası/Яңа татар әлифбасы'' (New Tatar alphabet) society started its work at Kazan. On July 3, 1927, Tatarstan officials declared Jaꞑalif the official script of the Tatar language, replacing the Yanga imla script. The first variant of Jaꞑalif (''acutes-Jaꞑalif '') is shown in the second table below. There weren't separate letters for K and Q (realized as K) and for G and Ğ (realized as G), V and W (realized as W). Ş (sh) looked like the Cyrillic letter Ш (she). C and Ç were realized as in Turkish and the modern Tatar Latin alphabet and later were transposed in the final version of Jaꞑalif.〔 In 1928 Jaꞑalif was finally reformed (see first table below) and was in active usage for 12 years. Some sources claim that this alphabet had 34 letters, but the last was a digraph ''Ьj'', used for the corresponding Tatar diphthong.〔 Another source states that the 34th letter was an apostrophe. They also give another sorting of the alphabet. (Ə after A, Ь after E)〔 After the introduction of Jaꞑalif most of the books which were printed in the Arabic alphabet were withdrawn from libraries. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Yañalif」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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