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''Jehovah'' ( ) is a Latinization of the Hebrew , one vocalization of the Tetragrammaton (YHWH), the proper name of the God of Israel in the Hebrew Bible. The consensus among scholars is that the historical vocalization of the Tetragrammaton at the time of the redaction of the Torah (6th century BCE) is most likely Yahweh. The historical vocalization was lost because in Second Temple Judaism, during the 3rd to 2nd centuries BCE, the pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton came to be avoided, being substituted with Adonai ("my Lord"). The Hebrew vowel points of ''Adonai'' were added to the Tetragrammaton by the Masoretes, and the resulting form was transliterated around the 12th century as ''Yehowah''.〔Schaff, Philip -(Yahweh ) ''The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge Volume XII'', Paper Book House, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1950, page 480.〕 The derived forms ''Iehouah'' and ''Jehovah'' first appeared in the 16th century. "Jehovah" was popularized in the English-speaking world by William Tyndale and other pioneer English Protestant translations such as the Geneva Bible and the King James Version.〔In the 7th paragraph of ''Introduction to the Old Testament of the New English Bible'', (Sir Godfry Driver wrote ), "The early translators generally substituted 'Lord' for (). () The Reformers preferred Jehovah, which first appeared as ''Iehouah'' in 1530 A.D., in Tyndale's translation of the Pentateuch (Exodus 6.3), from which it passed into other Protestant Bibles."〕 It is still used in some translations, such as the New World Translation and Young's Literal Translation, but it is does not appear in most mainstream English translations, as the terms "Lord" or "": used instead, generally indicating that the corresponding Hebrew is ''Yahweh'' or ''YHWH''.〔〔 ==Pronunciation== Most scholars believe "Jehovah" (also transliterated as "Yehowah"〔(GOD, NAMES OF ) - 5. Yahweh (Yahweh) in ''New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. XII: Trench - Zwingli'' Retrieved 19 November 2014.〕) to be a hybrid form derived by combining the Latin letters ''JHVH'' with the vowels of ''Adonai''. Some hold that there is evidence that a form of the Tetragrammaton similar to ''Jehovah'' may have been in use in Semitic and Greek phonetic texts and artifacts from Late Antiquity.〔Roy Kotansky, Jeffrey Spier, "(The 'Horned Hunter' on a Lost Gnostic Gem )", ''The Harvard Theological Review'', Vol. 88, No. 3 (Jul., 1995), p. 318. Quote: "Although most scholars believe "Jehovah" to be a late (c. 1100 CE) hybrid form derived by combining the Latin letters ''JHVH'' with the vowels of ''Adonai'' (the traditionally pronounced version of ), many magical texts in Semitic and Greek establish an early pronunciation of the divine name as both ''Yehovah'' and ''Yahweh''"〕 Others say that it is the pronunciation ''Yahweh'' that is testified in both Christian and pagan texts of the early Christian era.〔〔Jarl Fossum and Brian Glazer in their article ''Seth in the Magical Texts'' (''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphie'' 100 (1994), p. 86-92, reproduced here (), give the name "Yahweh" as the source of a number of names found in pagan magical texts: Ἰάβας (p. 88), Iaō (described as "a Greek form of the name of the Biblical God, Yahweh", on p. 89), Iaba, Iaē, Iaēo, Iaō, Iaēō (p. 89). On page 92, they call "Iaō" "the divine name".〕〔(Eerdman's Dictionary of the Bible (2000), p. 1402 )〕〔Kristin De Troyer (''The Names of God, Their Pronunciation and Their Translation'' ), – lectio difficilior 2/2005. Quote: "IAO can be seen as a transliteration of YAHU, the three-letter form of the Name of God" (p. 6).〕 Karaite Jews,〔 as proponents of the rendering ''Jehovah'', state that although the original pronunciation of has been obscured by disuse of the spoken name according to oral Rabbinic law, well-established English transliterations of other Hebrew personal names are accepted in normal usage, such as Joshua, Jeremiah, Isaiah or Jesus, for which the original pronunciations may be unknown.〔(The Pronunciation of the Name )〕〔Dennio, Francis B., "On the Use of the Word Jehovah in Translating the Old Testament", ''Journal of Biblical Literature 46'', (1927), pages 147-148. Dennio wrote: "''Jehovah misrepresents Yahweh no more than Jeremiah misrepresents Yirmeyahu.'' The settled connotations of Isaiah and Jeremiah forbid questioning their right. Usage has given them the connotation proper for designating the personalities with which these words represent. Much the same is true of Jehovah. It is not a barbarism. It has already many of the connotations needed for the proper name of the Covenant God of Israel. ''There is no word which can faintly compare with it. For centuries it has been gathering these connotations.'' No other word approaches this name in the fullness () of associations required. ''The use of any other word falls far short of the proper ideas that it is a serious blemish in a translation''."〕 They also point out that "the English form ''Jehovah'' is quite simply an Anglicized form of Yehovah,"〔 and preserves the four Hebrew consonants "YHVH" (with the introduction of the "J" sound in English).〔〔Scott Jones - ( יהוה Jehovah יהוה )〕〔Carl D. Franklin - (Debunking the Myths of Sacred Namers יהוה ) - ''Christian Biblical Church of God'' - December 9, 1997 - Retrieved 25 August 2011.〕 Some argue that ''Jehovah'' is preferable to ''Yahweh'', based on their conclusion that the Tetragrammaton was likely tri-syllabic originally, and that modern forms should therefore also have three syllables.〔George Wesley Buchanan, "How God's Name Was Pronounced," Biblical Archaeology Review 21.2 (March -April 1995), 31-32〕 Biblical scholar Francis B. Dennio, in an article he wrote, in the ''Journal of Biblical Literature'', said: "Jehovah misrepresents Yahweh no more than Jeremiah misrepresents Yirmeyahu. The settled connotations of Isaiah and Jeremiah forbid questioning their right." Dennio argued that the form "Jehovah" is not a barbarism, but is the best English form available, being that it has for centuries gathered the necessary connotations and associations for valid use in English.〔 According to a Jewish tradition developed during the 3rd to 2nd centuries BCE, the Tetragrammaton is written but not pronounced. When read, substitute terms replace the divine name where appears in the text. It is widely assumed, as proposed by the 19th-century Hebrew scholar Gesenius, that the vowels of the substitutes of the name—''Adonai'' (Lord) and ''Elohim'' (God)—were inserted by the Masoretes to indicate that these substitutes were to be used.〔" Jehovah, pr() name of the supreme God amongst the Hebrews. The later Hebrews, for some centuries before the time of Christ, either misled by a false interpretation of certain laws (Ex. 20:7; Lev. 24:11), or else following some old superstition, regarded this name as so very holy, that it might not even be pronounced (see Philo, Vit. Mosis t.iii. p.519, 529). Whenever, therefore, this ''nomen tetragrammaton'' occurred in the sacred text, they were accustomed to substitute for it , and thus the vowels of the noun are in the Masoretic text placed under the four letters יהוה, but with this difference, that the initial Yod receives a simple and not a compound Sh’va ( (), not ( ()); prefixes, however, receive the same points as if they were followed by () This custom was already in vogue in the days of the LXX. translators; and thus it is that they every where translated by ὁ Κύριος ()." (H. W. F. Gesenius, ''Gesenius's Hebrew-Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament'', (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House, 1979()), p. 337)〕 When precedes or follows ''Adonai'', the Masoretes placed the vowel points of ''Elohim'' into the Tetragrammaton, producing a different vocalization of the Tetragrammaton , which was read as ''Elohim''.〔For example, , (second instance), (second instance), 〕 Based on this reasoning, the form (''Jehovah'') has been characterized by some as a "hybrid form",〔〔R. Laird Harris, "The Pronunciation of the Tetragram," in John H. Skilton (ed.), ''The Law and the Prophets: Old Testament Studies Prepared in Honor of Oswald Thompson Allis'' (Presbyterian and Reformed, 1974), 224.〕 and even "a philological impossibility".〔(Jewish Encyclopedia: article: Name of God )〕 Early modern translators disregarded the practice of reading ''Adonai'' (or its equivalents in Greek and Latin, ''Κύριος'' and ''Dominus'')〔The Latin Vulgate of St. Jerome renders the name as ''Adonai'' at rather than as ''Dominus''.〕 in place of the Tetragrammaton and instead combined the four Hebrew letters of the Tetragrammaton with the vowel points that, except in synagogue scrolls, accompanied them, resulting in the form ''Jehovah''.〔(1911 Encyclopædia Britannica: article ''Jehovah (Yahweh)'' )〕 This form, which first took effect in works dated 1278 and 1303, was adopted in Tyndale's and some other Protestant translations of the Bible.〔In the 7th paragraph of (''Introduction to the Old Testament of the New English Bible'' ), Sir Godfrey Driver wrote of the combination of the vowels of Adonai and Elohim with the consonants of the divine name, that it "did not become effective until Yehova or Jehova or Johova appeared in two Latin works dated in A.D. 1278 and A.D. 1303; the shortened Jova (declined like a Latin noun) came into use in the sixteenth century. The Reformers preferred Jehovah, which first appeared as ''Iehouah'' in 1530 A.D., in Tyndale's translation of the Pentateuch (Exodus 6.3), from which it passed into other Protestant Bibles."〕 In the 1560 ''Geneva Bible'', the Tetragrammaton is translated as ''Jehovah'' six times, four as the proper name, and two as place-names.〔The Geneva Bible uses the form "Jehovah" in Exodus 6:3, Psalm 83:18, Jeremiah 16:21, Jeremiah 32:18, Genesis 22:14, and Exodus 17:15.〕 In the 1611 ''King James Version'', ''Jehovah'' occurred seven times.〔At Gen.22:14; Ex.6:3; 17:15; Jg.6:24; Ps.83:18, Is.12:2; 26:4. ''Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible'' (Iowa Falls: Word, 1994), 722.〕 In the 1885 ''English Revised Version'', the form ''Jehovah'' occurs twelve times. In the 1901 ''American Standard Version'' the form "Je-ho’vah" became the regular English rendering of the Hebrew , all throughout, in preference to the previously dominant "the ", which is generally used in the King James Version.〔According to the preface, this was because the translators felt that the "Jewish superstition, which regarded the Divine Name as too sacred to be uttered, ought no longer to dominate in the English or any other version of the Old Testament".〕 It is also used in Christian hymns such as the 1771 hymn, "Guide Me, O Thou Great Jehovah".〔The original hymn, without "Jehovah", was composed in Welsh in 1745; the English translation, with "Jehovah", was composed in 1771 ((Guide Me, O Thou Great Jehovah )).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jehovah」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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