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The Jeltoqsan ((カザフ語:Желтоқсан көтерілісі)) or "December" of 1986 were riots that took place in Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, in response to General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev's dismissal of Dinmukhamed Konayev, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan and an ethnic Kazakh, and his appointment of Gennady Kolbin, an outsider from the Russian SFSR.〔("Nationalist riots in Kazakhstan: Violent nationalist riots erupted in Alma-Ata, the capital of Kazakhstan, on 17 and 18 December 1986" ), Informaworld〕〔 Some sources cite Kolbin's ethnicity as Russian, others as Chuvash. The events lasted from 16 December until 19 December 1986. The protests began in the morning of 17 December, as a student demonstration attracted thousands of participants as they marched through Brezhnev Square across to the CPK Central Committee building. As internal troops and OMON forces entered the city,〔 violence erupted throughout the city, capital of Kazakhstan until 1997.〔"(Reform and Nationalist Conflict )", U.S. Library of Congress〕〔“(Soviet Troops Enforce Kazakh City Curfew )”, ''New York Times''〕〔“(Soviet Nationalities: Russians Rule, Others Fume )”, ''New York Times''.〕〔 “(Origins of Kazakhstan Rioting Are Described )”, ''New York Times''.〕〔(1986 "December events showed people’s striving for independence" ) KAZINFORM〕 In the following days, protests spread to Shymkent, Taldykorgan, and Karaganda. == Protests == The dismissal of the long-serving First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan, Dinmukhamed Kunayev (1964-1986), an ethnic Kazakh, on 16 December and the appointment of an outsider, Gennady Kolbin (1986-1989) as the First Secretary was the primary reason for the peaceful student demonstrations that started in the early morning of 17 December.〔Mikhael Gorbachev, ''Memoirs,'' New York: Doubleday, 1996, p.330〕 According to Gorbachev's memoir, after the 27th Party Congress of December 1986, he met with Kunayev and discussed Kunayev's resignation. Kunayev expressed his desire to retire and proposed the appointment of a Russian in his place to stop advancement of Nursultan Nazarbayev (later President of Kazakhstan) in the party ranks.〔Mikhael Gorbachev, ''Memoirs'', New York: Doubleday, 1996, p. 330〕 Kunayev, in his own book, said that Gorbachev never asked him about his replacement and only said "a good comrade will be 'sent' ".〔Dinmukhamed Kunayev, ''O Moem Vremeni'', Almaty: Dauir, 1992, p. 8〕 Demonstrations started in the morning of 17 December 1986 as 200–300 students gathered in front of the Central Committee building on Brezhnev Square to protest the decision of the CPSU to appoint Kolbin rather than an ethnic Kazakh. The number of protesters increased to 1,000–5,000 as students from universities and institutes joined the crowd on Brezhnev Square. Tass reported, "A group of students, incited by nationalistic elements, last evening and today took to the streets of Alma Ata expressing disapproval of the decisions of the recent plenary meeting. Hooligans, parasites and other antisocial persons made use of this situation and resorted to unlawful actions against representatives of law and order. They set fire to a food store and to private cars and insulted townspeople". Meetings were held at factories, schools, and other institutions to condemn these actions.〔(''Los Angeles Times'' )〕 Witnesses reported that the rioters were given vodka, narcotics and leaflets, indicating that the riots were not spontaneous. They disagreed with the characterization of the riot as related to nationalism or independence; they said it was a protest over Gorbachev appointing an outsider to head the state.〔' 'San Francisco Chronicle'', Retrieved March 27, 2010, from ProQuest Newsstand, December 23, 1986.〕 As a response, the CPK Central Committee ordered troops from the Ministry of Internal Affairs, ''druzhiniki'' (volunteers), cadets, policemen, and the KGB to cordon the square and videotape the participants. The situation escalated around 5 p.m., as troops were ordered to disperse the protesters. Clashes between the security forces and the demonstrators continued throughout the night in the square and in different parts of Almaty. The second day, protests turned into civil unrest as clashes in the streets, universities and dormitories between troops, volunteers and militia units and Kazakh students turned into a wide-scale armed confrontation. The clashes were not controlled until the third day. The Almaty events were followed by smaller protests and demonstrations in Shymkent, Pavlodar, Karaganda and Taldykorgan. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jeltoqsan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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