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Jerusalem (; ; (アラビア語:القُدس) ), located on a plateau in the Judean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea, is one of the oldest cities in the world. It is considered holy to the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Israelis and Palestinians both claim Jerusalem as their capital, as Israel maintains its primary governmental institutions there and the State of Palestine ultimately foresees it as its seat of power; however, neither claim is widely recognized internationally. During its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed at least twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, and captured and recaptured 44 times.〔 According to Eric H. Cline’s tally in Jerusalem Besieged.〕 The oldest part of the city was settled in the 4th millennium BCE. In 1538, walls were built around Jerusalem under Suleiman the Magnificent. Today those walls define the Old City, which has been traditionally divided into four quarters—known since the early 19th century as the Armenian, Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Quarters. The Old City became a World Heritage Site in 1981, and is on the List of World Heritage in Danger.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls )〕 Modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond the Old City's boundaries. According to the Biblical tradition, King David conquered the city from the Jebusites and established it as the capital of the United Kingdom of Israel, and his son, King Solomon, commissioned the building of the First Temple. These foundational events, straddling the dawn of the 1st millennium BCE, assumed central symbolic importance for the Jewish people.〔Since the 10th century BCE: * "Israel was first forged into a unified nation from Jerusalem some 3,000 years ago, when King David seized the crown and united the twelve tribes from this city... For a thousand years Jerusalem was the seat of Jewish sovereignty, the household site of kings, the location of its legislative councils and courts. In exile, the Jewish nation came to be identified with the city that had been the site of its ancient capital. Jews, wherever they were, prayed for its restoration." Roger Friedland, Richard D. Hecht. ''To Rule Jerusalem'', University of California Press, 2000, p. 8. ISBN 0-520-22092-7 * "The centrality of Jerusalem to Judaism is so strong that even secular Jews express their devotion and attachment to the city, and cannot conceive of a modern State of Israel without it.... For Jews Jerusalem is sacred simply because it exists... Though Jerusalem's sacred character goes back three millennia...". Leslie J. Hoppe. ''The Holy City: Jerusalem in the theology of the Old Testament'', Liturgical Press, 2000, p. 6. ISBN 0-8146-5081-3 * "Ever since King David made Jerusalem the capital of Israel 3,000 years ago, the city has played a central role in Jewish existence." Mitchell Geoffrey Bard, ''The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Middle East Conflict'', Alpha Books, 2002, p. 330. ISBN 0-02-864410-7 * "Jerusalem became the center of the Jewish people some 3,000 years ago" Moshe Maoz, Sari Nusseibeh, ''Jerusalem: Points of Friction – And Beyond'', Brill Academic Publishers, 2000, p. 1. ISBN 90-411-8843-6 * "The Jewish people are inextricably bound to the city of Jerusalem. No other city has played such a dominant role in the history, politics, culture, religion, national life and consciousness of a people as has Jerusalem in the life of Jewry and Judaism. Since King David established the city as the capital of the Jewish state circa 1000 BCE, it has served as the symbol and most profound expression of the Jewish people's identity as a nation." (Basic Facts you should know: Jerusalem ), Anti-Defamation League, 2007. Retrieved 28 March 2007.〕 The sobriquet of holy city (''עיר הקודש'', transliterated ''‘ir haqodesh'') was probably attached to Jerusalem in post-exilic times.〔Reinoud Oosting, BRILL 2012 p. 117-118. Isaiah 48:2;51:1; Nehemiah 11:1,18; cf. Joel 4:17: Daniel 5:24. The Isaiah section where they occur belong to deutero-Isaiah.〕〔Shalom M. Paul, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2012 p.306. The ‘holiness’ (''qodesh'') arises from the temple in its midst, the root q-d-š referring to a sanctuary. The concept is attested in Mesopotamian literature, and the epithet may serve to distinguish Babylon, the city of exiles, from the city of the Temple, to where they are enjoined to return.〕 The holiness of Jerusalem in Christianity, conserved in the Septuagint〔Isaiah 52:1 πόλις ἡ ἁγία.〕 which Christians adopted as their own authority,〔Joseph T. Lienhard,''The Bible, the Church, and Authority: The Canon of the Christian Bible in History and Theology,'' Liturgical Press, 1995 pp.65–66:'The Septuagint is a Jewish translation and was also used in the synagogue. But at the end of the first century C.E. many Jews ceased to use the Septuagint because the early Chritians had adopted it as their own translation, and it began to be considered a Christian translation.'〕 was reinforced by the New Testament account of Jesus's crucifixion there. In Sunni Islam, Jerusalem is the third-holiest city, after Mecca and Medina.〔Third-holiest city in Islam: * * *〕〔''Middle East peace plans'' by Willard A. Beling: "The Aqsa Mosque on the Temple Mount is the third holiest site in Sunni Islam after Mecca and Medina".〕 In Islamic tradition in 610 CE it became the first Qibla, the focal point for Muslim prayer (salat), and Muhammad made his Night Journey there ten years later, ascending to heaven where he speaks to God, according to the Quran. As a result, despite having an area of only , the Old City is home to many sites of seminal religious importance, among them the Temple Mount and its Western Wall, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, the Dome of the Rock, the Garden Tomb and al-Aqsa Mosque. Today, the status of Jerusalem remains one of the core issues in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, West Jerusalem was among the areas captured and later annexed by Israel while East Jerusalem, including the Old City, was captured and later annexed by Jordan. Israel captured East Jerusalem from Jordan during the 1967 Six-Day War and subsequently annexed it. Israel's 1980 Basic Law the Jerusalem Law refers to Jerusalem as the country's undivided capital and all branches of the Israeli government are located in Jerusalem, including the Knesset (Israel's parliament), the residences of the Prime Minister and President, and the Supreme Court. The international community rejected the annexation as illegal and treats East Jerusalem as Palestinian territory occupied by Israel.〔(Resolution 298 September 25, 1971: ) "Recalling its resolutions... concerning measures and actions by Israel designed to change the status of the Israeli-occupied section of Jerusalem,..."〕 The international community does not recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital, and the city hosts no foreign embassies. Jerusalem is home to the Hebrew University and to the Israel Museum with its Shrine of the Book. In 2011, Jerusalem had a population of 801,000, of which Jews comprised 497,000 (62%), Muslims 281,000 (35%), Christians 14,000 (around 2%) and 9,000 (1%) were not classified by religion. ==Etymology== A city called ''Rušalim'' in the Execration texts of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (c. 19th century BCE) is widely, but not universally, identified as Jerusalem.〔 Nadav Na'aman, ''Canaan in the 2nd Millennium B.C.E.'', Eisenbrauns, 2005 pp.177ff. offers a dissenting opinion, arguing for the transcription ''Rôsh-ramen'', etymologized to ''r'š'' (head) and ''rmm'' (be exalted), to mean 'the exalted Head', and not referring to Jerusalem.〕〔G. Johannes Botterweck, Helmer Ringgren (eds.) ''Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament'', (tr. David E. Green) William B. Eerdmann, Grand Rapids Michigan, Cambridge, UK 1990, Vol. VI, p. 348〕 Jerusalem is called ''Urušalim'' in the Amarna letters of Abdi-Heba (1330s BCE).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The El Amarna Letters from Canaan )〕 The name "Jerusalem" is variously etymologized to mean "foundation (Sumerian ''yeru'', 'settlement'/Semitic ''yry 'to found, to lay a cornerstone') of the god Shalem",〔Meir Ben-Dov, ''Historical Atlas of Jerusalem'', Continuum International Publishing Group, 2002, p. 23.〕 the god Shalem was thus the original tutelary deity of the Bronze Age city.〔G. Johannes Bottereck, Helmer Ringgren, Heinz-Josef Fabry, (eds.) ''Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament,'' tr. David E. Green, vol. XV, pp. 48–49 William B. Eeerdmanns Co. Grand Rapids, Michigan/Cambridge UK 2006, pp. 45–6〕 The form ''Yerushalem'' or ''Yerushalayim'' (Jerusalem) first appears in the Bible, in the Book of Joshua. According to a Midrash, the name is a combination of ''Yhwh Yir'eh'' ("God will see to it", the name given by Abraham to the place where he began to sacrifice his son) and the town "Shalem". The earliest extra-biblical Hebrew writing of the word Jerusalem is dated to the sixth or seventh century BCE〔''Writing, Literacy, and Textual Transmission: The Production of Literary'' by Jessica N. Whisenant p. 323〕〔''King Manasseh and Child Sacrifice: Biblical Distortions of Historical Realities'' by Francesca Stavrakopoulou p. 98〕 and was discovered in Khirbet Beit Lei near Beit Guvrin in 1961. The inscription states: "I am Yahweh thy God, I will accept the cities of Judah and I will redeem Jerusalem",〔''Oral World and Written Word: Ancient Israelite Literature'' by Susan Niditch p. 48〕〔''The Mountain of the Lord'' by Benyamin Mazar p. 60〕〔''Blessing and Curse in Syro-Palestinian Inscriptions'' by T. G Crawford p. 137〕 or as other scholars suggest: "Yahweh is the God of the whole earth. The mountains of Judah belong to him, to the God of Jerusalem".〔''Discovering the World of the Bible'' by LaMar C. Berrett p. 178〕 Shalim or Shalem was the name of the god of dusk in the Canaanite religion, whose name is based on the same root S-L-M from which the Hebrew word for "peace" is derived (Salam or Shalom in modern Arabic and Hebrew).〔Ringgren, H., ''Die Religionen des Alten Orients'' (Göttingen, 1979), 212.〕 The name thus offered itself to etymologizations such as "The City of Peace",〔 "Abode of Peace", "dwelling of peace" ("founded in safety"),〔Marten H. Wouldstra, ''The Book of Joshua,'' William B. Eerdmanns Co. Grand Rapids, Michigan (1981) 1995, p. 169 n.2〕 alternately "Vision of Peace" in some Christian authors. The ending ''-ayim'' indicates the dual, thus leading to the suggestion that the name ''Yerushalayim'' refers to the fact that the city sits on two hills.〔 (see here )〕 However, the pronunciation of the last syllable as ''-ayim'' appears to be a late development, which had not yet appeared at the time of the Septuagint. The most ancient settlement of Jerusalem, founded as early as the Bronze Age on the hill above the Gihon Spring, was according to the Bible named Jebus (''e.g.'', Judges 19:10: יְבוּס, הִיא יְרוּשָׁלִָ: "Jebus, it () Jerusalem"〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Bible, King James Version )〕).〔, p. 113〕 Called the "Fortress of Zion" (''metsudat Zion''), it was renamed by David as the City of David,〔2 Samuel 5:7,9. cited Israel Finkelstein, Amihay Mazar, Brian B. Schmidt, (eds) ''The Quest for the Historical Israel'', Society of Biblical Literature, 2007 p.127.〕 and was known by this name in antiquity. Another name, "Zion", initially referred to a distinct part of the city, but later came to signify the city as a whole and to represent the biblical Land of Israel. In Greek and Latin the city's name was transliterated ''Hierosolyma'' (Greek: Ἱεροσόλυμα; in Greek ''hieròs'', ''ἱερός'', means holy), although the city was renamed Aelia Capitolina for part of the Roman period of its history. The Aramaic Apocryphon of Genesis of the Dead Sea Scrolls (1QapGen 22:13) equates Jerusalem with the earlier "Salem" (שלם), said to be the kingdom of Melchizedek in Genesis 14:18. Other early Hebrew sources,〔''E.g.'', Jubilees 1:30, the Septuagint version of Jeremias 48:5 (as Συχὲμ) and possibly the Masoretic text of Genesis 33:18 (''see'' KJV and the margin translation of the Revised Version).〕 early Christian renderings of the verse〔''E.g.'', the Vulgate and Peshitta versions. J.A. Emerton, “The site of Salem: the City of Melchizedek (Genesis xiv 18)," pp. 45-72 of ''Studies in the Pentateuch'' ed. by J.A. Emerton, vol. 41 of ''Supplements to Vetus Testamentum'' (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1990) (“Emerton"), p. 45. ''See also'' John 3:23 where “Salim" or “Sylem" (Συχὲμ) is said to be near Ænon, thought to be in the valley of Mount Ebal, one of two mountains in the vicinity of Nablus.〕 and ''targumim'',〔Onklelos, Pseudo-Jonathan and Neofiti I. Emerton, p. 45.〕 however, put Salem in Northern Israel near Shechem (or Sichem), now Nablus, a city of some importance in early sacred Hebrew writing.〔Genesis 12:6-7 (where Abram built an altar), Genesis 33:18-20, Deuteronomy 11:29 & 28:11, Joshua 8:33, 1 Kings 12. Emerton, p. 63.〕 Possibly the redactor of the Apocryphon of Genesis wanted to dissociate Melchizedek from the area of Shechem, which at the time was in possession of the Samaritans.〔Paul Winter, “Note on Salem - Jerusalem," ''Novum Testamentum,'' vol. 2, pp. 151-52 (1957).〕 However that may be, later Rabbinic sources also equate Salem with Jerusalem, mainly to link Melchizedek to later Temple traditions. In Arabic, Jerusalem is most commonly known as , transliterated as ''al-Quds'' and meaning "The Holy" or "The Holy Sanctuary".〔〔 Official Israeli government policy mandates that , transliterated as ''Ūršalīm'', which is the cognate of the Hebrew and English names, be used as the Arabic language name for the city in conjunction with . .〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Official Website of Jerusalem )〕 Palestinian Arab families who hail from this city are often called "''Qudsi''" or "''Maqdisi''", while Palestinian Muslim Jerusalemites may use these terms as a demonym. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jerusalem」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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