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| pop5 = 290,000 | ref5 = 〔 | region6 = | pop6 = 186,000 | ref6 = 〔 | region7 = | pop7 = 181,300 | ref7 = 〔 | region8 = | pop8 = 118,000 | ref8 = 〔 | region9 = | pop9 = 112,500 | ref9 = 〔 | region10 = | pop10 = 95,000 | ref10 = 〔 | region11 = | pop11 = 70,000 | ref11 = 〔 | region12 = | pop12 = 63,000 | ref12 = 〔 | region13 = | pop13 = 47,900 | ref13 = 〔 | region14 = | pop14 = 40,000 | ref14 = 〔 | region15 = | pop15 = 30,000 | ref15 = 〔 | region16 = | pop16 = 29,900 | ref16 = 〔 | region17 = | pop17 = 28,000 | ref17 = 〔 | region18 = | pop18 = 19,000 | ref18 = 〔 | region19 = Rest of the world | pop19 = 238,700 | ref19 = 〔 | languages = }} Historical languages: Sacred languages: | religions = Judaism | related = other Levantines, Samaritans,〔 Arabs,〔 Assyrians〔〔 }} The Jews ( ISO 259-3 , Israeli pronunciation (:jehuˈdim)), also known as the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group〔 originating from the Israelites, or Hebrews, of the Ancient Near East.〔 * "In the broader sense of the term, a Jew is any person belonging to the worldwide group that constitutes, through descent or conversion, a continuation of the ancient Jewish people, who were themselves descendants of the Hebrews of the Old Testament." (Jew ) at (Encyclopedia Britannica )〕〔"Hebrew, any member of an ancient northern Semitic people that were the ancestors of the Jews." (Hebrew (People) ) at (Encyclopedia Britannica )〕 Jewish ethnicity, nationhood and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation, while its observance varies from strict observance to complete nonobservance. The Jews trace their ethnogenesis to the part of the Levant known as the Land of Israel.〔http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/History/Pages/Facts%20about%20Israel-%20History.aspx〕 Modern archaeological discoveries confirm the existence of the people of Israel in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE.〔 "The Merneptah Stele refer to the people of Israel whom we know from later times worshiped the god Yahveh, identified at times as Yahveh of Southland;"〕 Since then, while maintaining rule over their homeland during certain periods—such as under the Kingdom of Israel, the Kingdom of Judah, the Hasmonean Dynasty, and the Herodian Kingdom—Jews also suffered various Exiles and Occupations from their homeland—from Ancient Egyptian Occupation of the Levant, to Assyrian Captivity and Exile, to Babylonian Captivity and Exile, to Greek Occupation and Exile, to the Roman Occupation and Exile. These events subjected Jews to slavery, pogroms, cultural assimilation, forced expulsions, and more, scattering Jews all around the world, known today as the Jewish diaspora.〔Botticini, Maristella and Zvi Eckstein. ("From Farmers to Merchants, Voluntary Conversions and Diaspora: A Human Capital Interpretation of History." ) p. 18-19. August 2006. Accessed 21 November, 2015. "The death toll of the Great Revolt against the Roman empire amounted to about 600,000 Jews, whereas the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 caused the death of about 500,000 Jews. Massacres account for roughly 40 percent of the decrease of the Jewish population in Palestine. Moreover, some Jews migrated to Babylon after these revolts because of the worse economic conditions. Massacres account for roughly 40 percent of the decrease of the Jewish population in Palestine. Moreover, some Jews migrated to Babylon after these revolts because of the worse economic conditions. After accounting for massacres and migrations, there is an additional 30 to 40 percent of the decrease in the Jewish population in Palestine (about 1—1.3 million Jews) to be explained" (p. 19).〕〔(Boyarin, Daniel, and Jonathan Boyarin. 2003. Diaspora: Generation and the Ground of Jewish Diaspora. p. 714 ) "...it is crucial to recognize that the Jewish conception of the Land of Israel is similar to the discourse of the Land of many (if not nearly all) "indigenous" peoples of the world. Somehow the Jews have managed to retain a sense of being rooted somewhere in the world through twenty centuries of exile from that someplace (organic metaphors are not out of place in this discourse, for they are used within the tradition itself)." p. 714.〕〔(Cohen, Robin. 1997. Global Diasporas: An Introduction. p. 24 London: UCL Press. ) "...although the word Babylon often connotes captivity and oppression, a rereading of the Babylonian period of exile can thus be shown to demonstrate the development of a new creative energy in a challenging, pluralistic context outside the natal homeland. When the Romans destroyed the Second Temple in AD 70, it was Babylon that remained as the nerve- and brain-centre for Jewish life and thought...the crushing of the revolt of the Judaeans against the Romans and the destruction of the Second Temple by the Roman general Titus in AD 70 precisely confirmed the catastrophic tradition. Once again, Jews had been unable to sustain a national homeland and were scattered to the far corners of the world" (p. 24).〕〔(Johnson, Paul ''A History of the Jews'' "The Bar Kochba Revolt," (HarperPerennial, 1987) pp. 158-161. ): Paul Johnson analyzes Cassius Dio's ''Roman History: Epitome of Book LXIX'' para. 13-14 (Dio's passage cited separately) among other sources: "Even if Dio's figures are somewhat exaggerated, the casualties amongst the population and the destruction inflicted on the country would have been considerable. According to Jerome, many Jews were also sold into slavery, so many, indeed, that the price of Jewish slaves at the slave market in Hebron sank drastically to a level no greater than that for a horse. The economic structure of the country was largely destroyed. The entire spiritual and economic life of the Palestinian Jews moved to Galilee. Jerusalem was now turned into a Roman colony with the official name ''Colonia Aelia Capitolina'' (''Aelia'' after Hadrian's family name: P. Aelius Hadrianus; ''Capitolina'' after Jupiter Capitolinus). The Jews were forbidden on pain of death to set foot in the new Roman city. Aelia thus became a completely pagan city, no doubt with the corresponding public buildings and temples...We can...be certain that a statue of Hadrian was erected in the centre of Aelia, and this was tantamount in itself to a desecration of Jewish Jerusalem." p. 159.〕〔(Cassius Dio's ''Roman History: Epitome of Book LXIX'' para. 13-14 ): "13 At first the Romans took no account of them. Soon, however, all Judaea had been stirred up, and the Jews everywhere were showing signs of disturbance, were gathering together, and giving evidence of great hostility to the Romans, partly by secret and partly by overt acts; 2 many outside nations, too, were joining them through eagerness for gain, and the whole earth, one might almost say, was being stirred up over the matter. Then, indeed, Hadrian sent against them his best generals. First of these was Julius Severus, who was dispatched from Britain, where he was governor, against the Jews. 3 Severus did not venture to attack his opponents in the open at any one point, in view of their numbers and their desperation, but by intercepting small groups, thanks to the number of his soldiers and his under-officers, and by depriving them of food and shutting them up, he was able, rather slowly, to be sure, but with comparatively little danger, to crush, exhaust and exterminate them. Very few of them in fact survived. 14 1 Fifty of their most important outposts and nine hundred and eighty-five of their most famous villages were razed to the ground. Five hundred and eighty thousand men were slain in the various raids and battles, and the number of those that perished by famine, disease and fire was past finding out. 2 Thus nearly the whole of Judaea was made desolate, a result of which the people had had forewarning before the war. For the tomb of Solomon, which the Jews regard as an object of veneration, fell to pieces of itself and collapsed, and many wolves and hyenas rushed howling into their cities. 3 Many Romans, moreover, perished in this war. Therefore Hadrian in writing to the senate did not employ the opening phrase commonly affected by the emperors, 'If you and our children are in health, it is well; I and the legions are in health'" (para. 13-14).〕〔(Safran, William. 2005. The Jewish Diaspora in a Comparative and Theoretical Perspective. Israel Studies 10 (1): 36. ) "...diaspora referred to a very specific case—that of the exile of the Jews from the Holy Land and their dispersal throughout several parts of the globe. Diaspora (galut ) connoted deracination, legal disabilities, oppression, and an often painful adjustment to a hostland whose hospitality was unreliable and ephemeral. It also connoted the existence on foreign soil of an expatriate community that considered its presence to be transitory. Meanwhile, it developed a set of institutions, social patterns, and ethnonational and/or religious sym- bols that held it together. These included the language, religion, values, social norms, and narratives of the homeland. Gradually, this community adjusted to the hostland environment and became itself a center of cultural creation. All the while, however, it continued to cultivate the idea of return to the homeland." (p. 36).〕〔(Sheffer, Gabriel. 2005. Is the Jewish Diaspora Unique? Reflections on the Diaspora's Current Situation. Israel Studies 10 (1): p. 3-4. ) "...the Jewish nation, which from its very earliest days believed and claimed that it was the "chosen people," and hence unique. This attitude has further been buttressed by the equally traditional view, which is held not only by the Jews themselves, about the exceptional historical age of this diaspora, its singular traumatic experiences its singular ability to survive pogroms, exiles, and Holocaust, as well as its "special relations" with its ancient homeland, culminating in 1948 with the nation-state that the Jewish nation has established there... First, like many other members of established diasporas, the vast majority of Jews no longer regard themselves as being in ''Galut'' () in their host countries.7 Perceptually, as well as actually, Jews permanently reside in host countries of their own free will, as a result of inertia, or as a result of problematic conditions prevailing in other hostlands, or in Israel. It means that the basic perception of many Jews about their existential situation in their hostlands has changed. Consequently, there is both a much greater self- and collective-legitimatization to refrain from making serious plans concerning "return" or actually "making Aliyah" (emigrate, or "go up" ) to Israel. This is one of the results of their wider, yet still rather problematic and sometimes painful acceptance by the societies and political systems in their host countries. It means that they, and to an extent their hosts, do not regard Jewish life within the framework of diasporic formations in these hostlands as something that they should be ashamed of, hide from others, or alter by returning to the old homeland" (p. 4).〕 The worldwide Jewish population reached a peak of 16.7 million prior to World War II,〔(【引用サイトリンク】The Jewish Population of the World (2014) ), based on 〕 but approximately 6 million Jews were systematically murdered during the Holocaust. Since then the population has slowly risen again, and was estimated at 14.2 million by the North American Jewish Data Bank,〔 or less than 0.2% of the total world population (roughly one in every 514 people).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Jews make up only 0.2% of mankind )〕 According to a report published in 2014, about 43% of all Jews reside in Israel (6.1 million), and 40% in the United States (5.7 million), with most of the remainder living in Europe (1.4 million) and Canada (0.4 million).〔 These numbers include all those who self-identified as Jews in a socio-demographic study or were identified as such by a respondent in the same household.〔Jewish Virtual Library. ''World Jewish Population''. "Refers to the Core Jewish Population. The concept of core Jewish population includes all persons who, when asked in a socio-demographic survey, identify themselves as Jews; or who are identified as Jews by a respondent in the same household, and do not have another monotheistic religion." ()〕 The exact world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure. In addition to issues with census methodology, disputes among proponents of ''halakhic'', secular, political, and ancestral identification factors regarding who is a Jew may affect the figure considerably depending on the source. Despite their small percentage of the world's population, Jews have significantly influenced and contributed to human progress in many fields, including ethics,〔Sekine, Seizō. A Comparative Study of the Origins of Ethical Thought: Hellenism and Hebraism. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. Print.〕 medicine,〔Roni Caryn Rabin (Exhibition Traces the emergence of Jews as medical innovators ), ''The New York Times'' (May 14, 2012). Accessed August 16, 2015.〕〔Shatzmiller, Joseph. Doctors to Princes and Paupers: Jews, Medicine, and Medieval Society. Berkeley: U of California, 1995. Print.〕 science and technology, the arts, music, cinema, philosophy and business ethics,〔(Medieval Doctrine ), Jewish Encyclopedia, 1906〕〔Johnson (1987), pp. 171–173, 283–286〕 both historically and in modern times. Israel is the only country where Jews are a majority of the population. The modern State of Israel was established as a Jewish state and defines itself as such in its Declaration of Independence and Basic Laws. Its Law of Return grants the right of citizenship to any Jew who requests it.〔A 1970 amendment to Israel's Law of Return defines "Jew" as "a person who was born of a Jewish mother or has become converted to Judaism and who is not a member of another religion." 〕 ==Name and etymology== The English word ''Jew'' continues Middle English '. These terms derive from Old French ', earlier ', which had elided (dropped) the letter "d" from the Medieval Latin ''Iudaeus'', which, like the New Testament Greek term Ioudaios, meant both ''Jews'' and ''Judeans / "of Judea"''.〔Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Facts On File Inc., Infobase Publishing, 2009, p.336〕 The Greek term was originally a loan from Aramaic ', corresponding to , ''Yehudi'' (sg.); , ''Yehudim'' (pl.), in origin the term for a member of the tribe of Judah or the people of the kingdom of Judah. According to the Hebrew Bible, the name of both the tribe and kingdom derive from Judah, the fourth son of Jacob.〔"Jew", ''Oxford English Dictionary''.〕 The Hebrew word for Jew, ISO 259-3 Yhudi, is pronounced (:jehuˈdi), with the stress on the final syllable, in Israeli Hebrew, in its basic form. The Ladino name is , ''Djudio'' (sg.); , ''Djudios'' (pl.); Yiddish: ''Yid'' (sg.); , ''Yidn'' (pl.). The etymological equivalent is in use in other languages, e.g., يَهُودِيّ ''yahūdī'' (sg.), ''al-yahūd'' (pl.), and بَنُو اِسرَائِيل ''banū isrāʼīl'' in Arabic, "Jude" in German, "judeu" in Portuguese, "juif" in French, "jøde" in Danish and Norwegian, "judío" in Spanish, "jood" in Dutch, etc., but derivations of the word "Hebrew" are also in use to describe a Jew, e.g., in Italian (''Ebreo''), in Persian ("Ebri/Ebrani" ((ペルシア語:عبری/عبرانی))) and Russian (''Еврей, Yevrey''). The German word "Jude" is pronounced (:ˈjuːdə), the corresponding adjective "jüdisch" (:ˈjyːdɪʃ) (Jewish) is the origin of the word "Yiddish". (See Jewish ethnonyms for a full overview.) According to ''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language'', Fourth Edition (2000): It is widely recognized that the attributive use of the noun ''Jew'', in phrases such as ''Jew lawyer'' or ''Jew ethics'', is both vulgar and highly offensive. In such contexts ''Jewish'' is the only acceptable possibility. Some people, however, have become so wary of this construction that they have extended the stigma to any use of ''Jew'' as a noun, a practice that carries risks of its own. In a sentence such as ''There are now several Jews on the council'', which is unobjectionable, the substitution of a circumlocution like ''Jewish people'' or ''persons of Jewish background'' may in itself cause offense for seeming to imply that Jew has a negative connotation when used as a noun.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Jew )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jews」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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