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Arab Jews ((アラビア語:اليهود العرب) '; (ヘブライ語:יהודים ערבים) ') is a term referring to Jews living in the Arab World, or Jews descended from such persons. The term was not commonly used until the Modern era. Most of this population has either been forced out, or voluntarily left, after the founding of Israel in 1948, for the new Jewish state or Western Europe, and to a smaller degree the United States and Latin America. They spoke Arabic, using one of the many Arabic dialects (see also Judeo-Arabic languages) as their primary community language, with Hebrew reserved as a liturgical language. They usually followed Sephardi Jewish liturgy, making them one of the largest groups among Mizrahi Jews. In recent decades the term has come back into some usage by Jews who self-identify as Arab Jews, such as Ella Shohat, an anti-Zionist who uses the term in contrast to the Zionist establishment's categorization of Jews as either Ashkenazim or Mizrahim; the latter, she believes, have been oppressed as the Arabs have.〔(Ella Shohat, "Dislocated Identites: Reflection of an Arab Jew," ''Movement Research: Performance Journal'' #5 (Fall-Winter, 1992), p.8 ); (Ella Shohat, "Rupture and Return: Zionist Discourse and the Study of Arab Jews," ''Social Text,'' Vol. 21, No. 2 (Summer, 2003), pp. 49-74 )〕 Other public figures who refer to themselves as Arab Jews include David Shasha, Director of the Center for Sephardic Heritage, Jordan Elgrably, director of the Levantine Cultural Center,〔("We Are Not the Enemy" ), 28 February 2011, Jordan Elgrably, Al-Jazeera〕 and Ammiel Alcalay, a professor at Queens College in New York who began emphasizing the importance of his identity as an Arab Jew in the 1990s. André Azoulay, Jewish adviser to Moroccan King Mohammed VI, also defines himself as an Arab Jew,〔(Yoav Stern , ‘Morocco king's Jewish aide urges Israel to adopt Saudi peace plan,’ Haaretz 29/10/2008 )〕 as does Sasson Somekh in a recent memoir.〔(Adam Shatz review of Sasson Somekh. ''Baghdad, Yesterday: The Making of an Arab Jew'', in 'Leaving Paradise', London Review of Books, Nov 6 2008 ).〕 Ilan Halevi described himself as "100% Jewish and 100% Arab."〔Marina da Silva, ("Aller retours" review ), ''Le Monde Diplomatique''.〕 == Overview == The term "Arab Jews" was used during the First World War by Jews of Middle Eastern origin living in western countries, to support their case that they were not Turks and should not be treated as enemy aliens.〔Collins, ''Pedigrees and Pioneers: The Sephardim of Manchester''.〕 Today the term is sometimes used by newspapers and official bodies in some countries, to express the belief that Jewish identity is a matter of religion rather than ethnicity or nationality. Most Jews disagree with this, do not use the term and, where it appears to them to be calculated to deny the existence of a distinct Jewish identity in favour of reducing the Jewish diaspora to a religious entity, even consider it offensive. However, some Mizrahi activists, particularly those not born in Arab countries or who emigrated from them at a very young age, define themselves as Arab Jews. Notable proponents of such an identity include Naeim Giladi, Ella Habiba Shohat, Sami Shalom Chetrit and David Rabeeya. Proponents of the term "Arab Jews" argue that "Arab" is a linguistic and cultural rather than an ethnic, racial or religious term; that the Jews in Arab countries fully participated in that culture; and that all ethnic minorities who did so are "Arabs". On this view, the correct distinction is between Jews, Muslims, Christians and other religious groups, rather than between groups such as Jews and "Arabs". Similarly the Christian population of countries such as Egypt, Lebanon or Syria are often described as "Arabs", even though most are (like most of their corresponding Muslim counterparts) descended from the pre-Islamic pre-Arab-culture population of each individual country. However, the use of the term "Arab" to define Christian Copts (Egypt), Maronites (Lebanon), or Assyrians (Iraq) is controversial among those communities. Others may regard "Arab Jews" as simply shorthand for "Jews of Arab lands" or "Arabic-speaking Jews", and identify as "Arab Jews" while definitely not regarding themselves as "Arabs". According to Salim Tamari, the term Arab Jew generally referred to a period of history when some Eastern Jews (Sephardic and Mizrahi) identified with the Arab national movement that emerged in the lead up to the dismantlement of the Ottoman empire, as early as the Ottoman administrative reforms of 1839, owing to shared language and culture with their Muslim and Christian compatriots in Greater Syria, Iraq, and Egypt.〔 David Rabeeya, a self-identified Arab Jew, extends that identification back even further, noting the long history of Arab Jews in the Arab world that remained in place after the dawn of Islam in the 7th century until midway through the 20th century. He writes that Arab Jews, like Arab Muslims and Arab Christians, were culturally Arab with religious commitments to Judaism.〔 He notes that Arab Jews named their progeny with Arabic names and "Like every Arab, Arab Jews were proud of their Arabic language and its dialects, and held a deep emotional attachment to its beauty and richness."〔 In his book, ''The Arab Jews'' (2006), Yehouda Shenhav, an Israeli sociologist, traced the origins of the conceptualization of the Mizrahi Jews as Arab Jews. He interprets Zionism as an ideological practice with three simultaneous and symbiotic categories: "Nationality", "Religion" and "Ethnicity". In order to be included in the national collective they had to be "de-Arabized". According to Shenhav, Religion distinguished between Arabs and Arab Jews, thus marking nationality among the Arab Jews.〔 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Arab Jews」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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