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Jijiga ((ソマリ語:''Jigjiga'')) is a city in eastern Ethiopia and the capital of the Somali Region of the country. Located in the Jijiga Zone approximately 80 km (50 mi) east of Harar and 60 km (37 mi) west of the border with Somalia, this city has an elevation of 1,609 meters above sea level. The city is located on the main road between Harar and the Somalia city of Hargeisa. It has enjoyed postal service since 1923, and had telephone service by 1956.〔("Local History in Ethiopia" ) The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 31 May 2008)〕 An asphalt and concrete road 170 kilometers in length connecting Jijiga with Degehabur was completed 14 November 2008 at a cost of over 230 million Birr.〔("Jijiga-Degehabur asphalt road open for traffic" ), Ethiopian News Agency website (accessed 20 January 2010)〕 Jijiga is served by Jijiga Airport (Garaad Wiil-Waal Airport) . Jijiga was a city of Hararghe province, but with the adoption of the 1995 Ethiopian constitution, it became the capital of the Somali Regional State. ==History== Jijiga was mentioned by W.C. Barker in 1842 as one of the ''mahalla'' or halting-places of the caravan route between Zeila and Harar.〔Barker, ("Extract Report on the Probable Geographical Position of Harrar; With Some Information Relative to the Various Tribes in the Vicinity", ''Journal of the Royal Geographical Society'' ), 12 (1842), p. 244〕 A British hunter Colonel Swayne passed through Jijiga in February 1893, which he described as a stockaded fort with a garrison of 25 men next to a group of wells.〔H. G. C. Swayne, ("A Trip to Harar and Imé", ''Geographical Journal'' ), 2 (September 1893), p. 251〕 According to I. M. Lewis, Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan's men invaded Jijiga in March 1900. Although the attackers suffered heavy losses, which allowed the Ethiopian authorities to declare a victory, Sayyid Mohammed's men recovered livestock that the Ethiopians had taken from the Somalis and proved that his was a force to be reckoned with.〔I. M. Lewis, ''A Modern History of the Somali'', fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), p. 71.〕 However, Richard Pankhurst states that Jijiga was founded in 1916 by Fitawrari Tekle Hawariat Tekle Mariyam, who had the town methodically organized in a square grid of streets.〔Richard Pankhurst, ''Economic History of Ethiopia'' (Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie University, 1968), p. 621〕 During the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, Jijiga served for some time as Dejazmach Nasibu Emmanual's headquarters and a supply center for the Ethiopian army. An Italian force under Colonel Navarra occupied the city on the evening of 5 May 1936.〔 Two days later, while inspecting a ruined Ethiopian Orthodox church in the city, Marshal Rodolfo Graziani fell into a concealed hole, which he was afterwards convinced was a mantrap; Anthony Mockler suggests this mishap contributed to his murderously paranoid mindset which led to the atrocities that followed the attempt on Graziani's life 19 February 1937.〔Anthony Mockler, ''Haile Selassie's War'' (New York: Olive Branch, 2003), p. 144〕 On 17 March 1941, during the East African Campaign of World War II, Jijiga was occupied by the 23rd Nigerian Brigade of the British 1st African Division. This was after the Italian garrison had already abandoned the city.〔Mockler, pp. 365f〕 Once they had possession of Jijiga, however, the British were slow in returning the city to the Ethiopians. At first, it was included as part of The Reserved Area, as defined in the Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement of 31 January 1942, which also included much of the Haud. Only after patient pressure from Emperor Haile Selassie, in 1948 the two countries began to discuss an agreement for the evacuation of the British from this territory. Although Ethiopian officers began to take over the administration from British officers in May–July, the protocol agreeing to the transfer was not signed until 24 July of that year. A brief demonstration of overt Somali nationalism occurred in Jijiga when the Somali Youth League (SYL) raised their flag before their headquarters in defiance of the law and the new Ethiopian administrators. Major Demeka, the governor-designate of the Ogaden Province, requested the British military administration, which was still in charge, to remove the flag. When the leaders refused to pull down their flag, the police brought it down with a machine gun mounted on an armored car. In the disturbances that followed, one policeman was killed and another wounded while the police opened fire on the crowd and killed 25 of them. The SYL was proscribed shortly afterwards in Ethiopia.〔 Germame Neway, one of the leaders of the unsuccessful 1960 coup, served as governor over Jijiga in 1959. He had been transferred there for his civic responsibility and concern for the underprivileged while administering a district in Sidamo Province. The obstruction he encountered, not only in Sidamo but in Jijiga, convinced him of the need for radical measures.〔Bahru Zewde, ''A History of Modern Ethiopia: 1855-1991'', 2nd edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2001), p. 213〕 In the early stage of the Ethiopian Revolution individual units from the Third Division put the local governor under house arrest around 13 April 1974.〔 During the Ogaden War, Jijiga experienced the Battle of Jijiga and was occupied by the Western Somali Liberation Front's Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi division led by Col. Yusuf Dheere, later with the Somali National Army, from September 1977 until February/March 1978. The Regional government held a conference in this city to promote peace and development between 10–13 March 1996, which was attended by 535 from the local woredas, as well as the Deputy Prime Minister and Defense Minister of Ethiopia, Tamirat Layne, the Foreign Minister, Seyoum Mesfin, the presidents of the Tigray and Harari Regional states and representatives from Amhara and the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Regions.〔(Report on the Peace and Development Conference Jigjiga, 10-13 March 1996 ) UNDP Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia report, April 1996 (accessed 26 December 2008)〕 On 28 May 2007, during the celebration of Ginbot 20 (celebrating the downfall of the Derg), Jijiga and Degehabur were the scenes of attacks on civilians and government officials. At least 16 people were killed and 67 injured, including Abdulahi Hassan Mohammed, president of the Somali Region, who was speaking at the ceremony. The Ethiopian government blamed the attack on the Ogaden National Liberation Front.〔(Many killed in Ethiopia attacks ) (al Jazeera)〕 On 29 May 2008, following a heavy downpour the Jijiga River broke its banks and flooded several kebeles in the town and the vicinity. The flooding killed 29 people and displaced 350 households.〔("Focus On Ethiopia, February 2008" ), UN-OCHA website (accessed 19 March 2009)〕 On 27 September of that year, a bomb exploded outside a hotel in Jijiga killing four and wounding 20. Local police apprehended a suspect whom they claimed was a member of Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya.〔("2008 Human Rights Reports: Ethiopia" ), Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, US State Department (accessed 8 July 2009)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jijiga」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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