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Jitō
were medieval land stewards in Japan, especially in the Kamakura and Muromachi Shogunates. Appointed by the shogun, ''jitō'' managed manors including national holdings governed by the provincial governor (kokushi).
The term ''jitō'' (literally meaning "land head") began to be used in the late Heian period as an adjectival word like "local". For example, a jitō person (地頭人) meant an influential local. Later, the term was sometimes used for persons who managed each local manor. Modern historians cannot clarify the character of the early ''jitō'' appointed by Yoritomo, as the conditions of these precursors are not well known.
''Jitō'' were officially established when Minamoto Yoritomo was appointed to the office of Head of ''jitō'' by the Imperial court with the right to their appointment. Yoritomo appointed many ''jitō'' nationwide, however mainly in Kantō. During the Kamakura period, the ''jitō'' were chosen amongst the ''gokenin'' (the shogun's vassals) who handled military affairs. ''Jitō'' handled the taxation and administration of the manor to which they were appointed, and directly administrated the lands and the farmers of the manor.
After the Jōkyū War, the shogunate appointed many ''jitō'' in Western Japan to the land that the people of the losing side had possessed. At that time, many prominent ''gokenin'', including the Mori clan (1221) and the Ōtomo clan, moved from the east to the west.
The ''jitō'' system was officially abolished in the late of 16th century by Toyotomi Hideyoshi.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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