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Jizya or jizyah ((アラビア語:جزية) ' ; Ottoman Turkish: ''cizye'') is a religiously required per capita tax levied by a Muslim state on non-Muslim subjects permanently residing in Muslim lands under Islamic law.〔Shahid Alam, Articulating Group Differences: A Variety of Autocentrisms, Journal of Science and Society, 2003〕〔Ali (1990), pg. 507〕〔(Jizyah ) The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (2010), Oxford University Press, Quote = Jizyah: Compensation. Poll tax levied on non-Muslims as a form of tribute and in exchange for an exemption from military service, based on Quran 9:29.〕 Islamic jurists required adult, free, sane males among the dhimma community to pay the jizya while exempting women, slaves, minors, the poor, the insane, and musta'mins (non-Muslim foreigners who only temporarily reside in Muslim lands). Jizya is mandated by the Quran and the Hadiths.〔〔 The application of jizya varied throughout Islamic history. Jizya and kharaj collected from non-Muslims, were terms that were sometimes used interchangeably,〔Satish Chandra (1969), (Jizyah and the State in India during the 17th Century ), Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 322-340, quote="Although kharaj and jizyah were sometimes treated as synonyms, a number of fourteenth century theological tracts treat them as separate"〕 and together were the predominant contributor to total annual taxes collected by the Muslim officials in various Islamic states.〔 Jizya tax rates on non-Muslims have historically varied from being a fixed annual amount regardless of one's income,〔Eliyahu Ashtor and Leah Bornstein-Makovetsky (2008), Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd Edition, Volume 12, Thomson Gale, Article: Kharaj and Jizya〕 to 50% of their produce. Muslims have been exempt from Jizya tax, paying a 2.5% Zakat tax on annual income instead.〔〔Medani Ahmed and Sebastian Gianci (2005), Zakat, Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy, ISBN 978-0-87766-68-20, pp. 479-481〕 Jizya is an example of taxes that depended on the religion of the individual. Some scholars state Jizya to be a discriminatory tax. Historically, the Jizya tax has been rationalized in Islam as a fee for protection provided by the Muslim ruler to non-Muslims, for the permission to practice a non-Muslim faith with some communal autonomy in a Muslim state, and as material proof of the non-Muslims' submission to the Muslim state and its laws.〔John Louis Esposito, ''Islam the Straight Path'', Oxford University Press, Jan 15, 1998, p. 34.〕〔 Jizya has also been rationalized as a symbol of the humiliation of the non-Muslims in a Muslim state for not converting to Islam.〔〔R. Marston Speight (1978), ‘The place of Christians in ninth-century North Africa, according to Muslim sources’, Islamochristiana, Vol. 4, pp. 54-55〕 The jizya tax was historically imposed on Jews and Christians in Arabian peninsula, the Levant, Iraq, North Africa, Caucasus and Spain, and on Hindus in South Asia into the 19th century, but almost vanished in the 20th century. The tax is no longer imposed by nation states in the Islamic world, moderate Muslims consider the dhimmi system as inappropriate for the modern era, though modern era Islamic scholars such as Abul A'la Maududi of Pakistan and Yusuf al-Qaradawi of Egypt have argued that Jizya should be re-imposed on non-Muslims in a Muslim nation. In modern era, religious minorities such as Hindus and Sikhs in northwest Pakistan have been forced to pay jizya or leave,〔〔(Hindus and Sikhs threatened by the Taliban and Sharia ) Asia News (July 28, 2009)〕 and the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant has enforced jizya in some areas they have captured.〔 The overwhelming majority of moderate Muslims reject the dhimma system, and therefore jizya, as anachronistic, in the sense that it is inappropriate for the age of nation-states and democracies.〔 ==Etymology and Meaning== Commentators disagree on the definition and derivation of the word ''jizya'': * Shakir and Khalifa's English translations of the Qur'an render ''jizya'' as "tax", while Pickthal translates it as "tribute". Yusuf Ali prefers to transliterate the term as ''jizyah''. * The early 20th century Islamic scholar Yusuf Ali explained ''Jizyah'' as follows, "the root meaning is compensation. The derived meaning was a poll tax levied on those who did not accept Islam, but were willing to live under the protection of Islam, and were thus tacitly willing to submit to its ideals being enforced in the Muslim state. There was no amount permanently fixed for it, and in any case it was an acknowledgment that those whose religion was tolerated would in their turn not interfere with the preaching and progress of Islam. I accept the interpretation ''An Yadin'' (for Jizya in Quranic verse 9:29) to be 'in token of willing submission'."〔Yusuf Ali (1991 Reprint), Notes 1281 and 1282 to verse 9:29, p. 507〕 * Al-Raghib al-Isfahani, a classical Muslim lexicographer, writes about ''jizya'': "A tax that is levied on Dhimmis and it is so named because it is in return for the protection they are guaranteed."〔Al-Raghib al-Isfahani, Mufradat al-Qur’an, 1/204〕 * Thomas Walker Arnold thought of Jizya as being an exemption from military service, he gives the example of the tribe of al-Jurajima, a Christian tribe in the neighborhood of Antioch who "made peace with the Muslims, promising to be their allies and fight on their side in battle, on condition that they should not be called upon to pay jizyah and should receive their proper share of the booty."〔Thomas Walker Arnold, The Preaching of Islam, pp.61-62. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York 1913. Quote: "...when any Christian people served in the Muslim army, they were exempted from the payment of this tax. Such was the case with the tribe of al-Jurajima, a Christian tribe in the neighborhood of Antioch who made peace with the Muslims, promising to be their allies and fight on their side in battle, on condition that they should not be called upon to pay jizyah and should receive their proper share of the booty."〕 * Edward William Lane, citing Ibn Athir in ''An Arabic-English Lexicon'' defines ''jizya'' as "the tax that is taken from the free non-Muslim subjects of a Muslim government whereby they ratify the compact that assures them protection, as though it were a protection for their not being slain.〔An Arabic-English Lexicon, E.W. Lane Book 1, p.422, citing al-Nihaya fi Gharib al-Hadith by Majd al-Din ibn Athir (d. 1210), and others.〕 * Ibn Rushd explains that ''jizya'' is in fact a broader concept than just a head-tax. It also includes monies exacted in times of war – what is normally understood in English by the word ‘tribute’ – as well as levies (''‘ushr'') on non-Muslim merchants who are trading in the Dar al-Harb.〔Ibn Rushd (2002). Vol. 2, p.464.〕 *Michael Morony states that the emergence of "protected status and the definition of jizya as the poll tax on non-Muslim subjects appears to have been achieved only by the early eighth century. This came as a result of growing suspicions about the loyalty of the non-Muslim population during the second civil war and of the literalist interpretation of the Quran by pious Muslims." *Bravmann states that jizya (''al-gizyatu an yadin'', ''gizyah'') meant ransom in early Arabic society, as a compensation for letting someone live rather than killing that person. *Jane McAuliffe states that Jizya, in early Islamic texts, was an annual tribute expected from non-Muslims, and not a poll tax.〔Jane Dammen McAuliffe (2011), Encyclopedia of the Qur'an, Brill Academic, Vol. 4, pp. 152-153; Vol. 5, pp. 192-193, ISBN 978-9-00412-35-64〕 *Tritton states that both Jizya in west, and Kharaj in the east Arabia meant tribute. It was also called ''Jawali'' in Jerusalem.〔 Shemesh notes that Abu Yusuf, Abu Ubayd, Qudama, Khatib and Yahya used the terms ''Jizya'', ''Kharaj'', ''Ushr'' and ''Tasq'' as synonyms.〔A Ben Shemesh (1967), Taxation in Islam, Vol. 1, Netherlands: Brill Academic, p. 6〕 Long states Jizya in Islamic history sometimes referred to a land tax. *Lambton states that the "origins of Jizya are extremely complex, regarded by some jurists as compensation paid by non-Muslims for being spared from death and by others as compensation for living in Muslim lands".〔 Scholars disagree on the origin of the concept of jizya taxation, with some suggesting the subjugation tax was an adaptation of the Byzantine and Sassanian system of taxation.〔Patricia Seed (1995), Ceremonies of Possession in Europe's Conquest of the New World, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521497572, pp 79〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jizya」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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