|
Johannes Kepler (; December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630) was a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer. A key figure in the 17th century scientific revolution, he is best known for his laws of planetary motion, based on his works ''Astronomia nova'', ''Harmonices Mundi'', and ''Epitome of Copernican Astronomy''. These works also provided one of the foundations for Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation. During his career, Kepler was a mathematics teacher at a seminary school in Graz, Austria, where he became an associate of Prince Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg. Later he became an assistant to astronomer Tycho Brahe, and eventually the imperial mathematician to Emperor Rudolf II and his two successors Matthias and Ferdinand II. He was also a mathematics teacher in Linz, Austria, and an adviser to General Wallenstein. Additionally, he did fundamental work in the field of optics, invented an improved version of the refracting telescope (the Keplerian Telescope), and mentioned the telescopic discoveries of his contemporary Galileo Galilei. Kepler lived in an era when there was no clear distinction between astronomy and astrology, but there was a strong division between astronomy (a branch of mathematics within the liberal arts) and physics (a branch of natural philosophy). Kepler also incorporated religious arguments and reasoning into his work, motivated by the religious conviction and belief that God had created the world according to an intelligible plan that is accessible through the natural light of reason.〔Barker and Goldstein. "Theological Foundations of Kepler's Astronomy", pp. 112–13.〕 Kepler described his new astronomy as "celestial physics",〔Kepler. ''New Astronomy'', title page, tr. Donohue, pp. 26–7〕 as "an excursion into Aristotle's ''Metaphysics''",〔Kepler. ''New Astronomy'', p. 48〕 and as "a supplement to Aristotle's ''On the Heavens''",〔''Epitome of Copernican Astronomy'' in ''Great Books of the Western World'', Vol 15, p. 845〕 transforming the ancient tradition of physical cosmology by treating astronomy as part of a universal mathematical physics.〔Stephenson. ''Kepler's Physical Astronomy,'' pp. 1–2; Dear, ''Revolutionizing the Sciences'', pp. 74–78〕 == Early years == Johannes Kepler was born on December 27, the feast day of St. John the Evangelist, 1571, at the Free Imperial City of Weil der Stadt (now part of the Stuttgart Region in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, 30 km west of Stuttgart's center). His grandfather, Sebald Kepler, had been Lord Mayor of that town but, by the time Johannes was born, he had two brothers and one sister and the Kepler family fortune was in decline. His father, Heinrich Kepler, earned a precarious living as a mercenary, and he left the family when Johannes was five years old. He was believed to have died in the Eighty Years' War in the Netherlands. His mother Katharina Guldenmann, an inn-keeper's daughter, was a healer and herbalist. Born prematurely, Johannes claimed to have been weak and sickly as a child. Nevertheless, he often impressed travelers at his grandfather's inn with his phenomenal mathematical faculty.〔Caspar. ''Kepler'', pp. 29–36; Connor. ''Kepler's Witch'', pp. 23–46.〕 He was introduced to astronomy at an early age, and developed a love for it that would span his entire life. At age six, he observed the Great Comet of 1577, writing that he "was taken by () mother to a high place to look at it."〔 At age nine, he observed another astronomical event, a lunar eclipse in 1580, recording that he remembered being "called outdoors" to see it and that the moon "appeared quite red".〔Koestler. ''The Sleepwalkers'', p. 234 (translated from Kepler's family horoscope).〕 However, childhood smallpox left him with weak vision and crippled hands, limiting his ability in the observational aspects of astronomy.〔Caspar. ''Kepler'', pp. 36–38; Connor. ''Kepler's Witch'', pp. 25–27.〕 In 1589, after moving through grammar school, Latin school, and seminary at Maulbronn, Kepler attended Tübinger Stift at the University of Tübingen. There, he studied philosophy under Vitus Müller〔Connor, James A. ''Kepler's Witch'' (2004), p. 58.〕 and theology under Jacob Heerbrand (a student of Philipp Melanchthon at Wittenberg), who also taught Michael Maestlin while he was a student, until he became Chancellor at Tübingen in 1590.〔Barker, Peter; Goldstein, Bernard R. "Theological Foundations of Kepler's Astronomy", Osiris, 2nd Series, Vol. 16, Science'' in Theistic Contexts: Cognitive Dimensions'' (2001), p. 96.〕 He proved himself to be a superb mathematician and earned a reputation as a skillful astrologer, casting horoscopes for fellow students. Under the instruction of Michael Maestlin, Tübingen's professor of mathematics from 1583 to 1631,〔 he learned both the Ptolemaic system and the Copernican system of planetary motion. He became a Copernican at that time. In a student disputation, he defended heliocentrism from both a theoretical and theological perspective, maintaining that the Sun was the principal source of motive power in the universe.〔Westman, Robert S. "Kepler's Early Physico-Astrological Problematic," ''Journal for the History of Astronomy'', 32 (2001): 227–36.〕 Despite his desire to become a minister, near the end of his studies Kepler was recommended for a position as teacher of mathematics and astronomy at the Protestant school in Graz. He accepted the position in April 1594, at the age of 23.〔Caspar. ''Kepler'', pp. 38–52; Connor. ''Kepler's Witch'', pp. 49–69.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Johannes Kepler」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|