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John Cunningham Lilly (January 6, 1915 – September 30, 2001) was an American physician, neuroscientist, psychoanalyst, psychonaut, philosopher, writer and inventor. He was a researcher of the nature of consciousness using mainly isolation tanks, dolphin communication, and psychedelic drugs, sometimes in combination. ==Early life and education== John Lilly was born to a wealthy family on January 6, 1915, in Saint Paul, Minnesota. His father was Richard Coyle Lilly, president of the First National Bank of St. Paul. His mother was Rachel Lenor Cunningham, whose family owned the Cunninham & Haas Company, a large stockyards company in St. Paul. Lilly had an older brother, Richard Lilly Jr., and a younger brother, David Maher Lilly. A fourth child, Mary Catherine Lilly, died in infancy. Lilly showed an interest in science at an early age. At thirteen years old, he was an avid chemistry hobbyist, supplementing his makeshift basement laboratory with chemicals given to him by a pharmacist friend. Students at his parochial Catholic grade school referred to him as "Einstein Jr." At age 14 he enrolled at St. Paul Academy, a college preparatory academy for boys, where his teachers encouraged him to pursue science further and conduct his own experiments in the school laboratory after hours. While at St. Paul, Lilly also further developed his interest in philosophy. He studied the works of many of the great philosophers, finding himself especially attracted to the subjective idealism of Anglo-Irish theologian and philosopher George Berkeley. Despite his father's wishes for him to go to an eastern Ivy-league college to become a banker, Lilly accepted a scholarship at the California Institute of Technology to study science. He enrolled in 1933 and began studying physics under such notable scientists as Robert Andrews Millikan, Paul Dirac, and Carl David Anderson. Lilly was a member of Blacker House.〔http://caltechcampuspubs.library.caltech.edu/2256/1/1938.pdf〕 After his first year, Caltech administration learned that Lilly was from a wealthy family and cancelled his scholarship, forcing him to go to his father for help. Dick Lilly set up a trust fund to pay the tuition and eventually became a benefactor of the college. Lilly would continue to draw on his family wealth as a means to fund his scientific pursuits throughout the course of his life. In 1934, Lilly read Aldous Huxley's ''Brave New World.'' Reading about the pharmacological control methods of the Huxley's dystopia and the links between physical chemical processes of the brain and subjective experiences of the mind helped inspire Lilly to give up his study of physics and pursue biology, eventually focusing on neurophysiology. Lilly became engaged to his first wife, Mary Crouch, at the beginning of his junior year at Caltech. Months before their wedding, he took a job with a lumber company in the Northwest to soothe a bout of "nervous exhaustion" that had been brought on by the pressures of academia and his upcoming marriage. While cutting brush, he buried an axe in his foot, sending him to a hospital trauma ward. It was an eye-opening experience that further inspired him to become a doctor of medicine.〔 In 1937, while Lilly was looking for a good medical school, his wealthy and well-connected father set up a meeting between his son and Will Mayo, the eponymous head of the Mayo Clinic of Rochester, Minnesota. Following Mayo's advice, Lilly applied and was accepted to the medical school at Dartmouth College, where he would end up becoming good friends with Mayo's son, Charles William Mayo. Lilly graduated from Caltech with a Bachelor of Science degree on June 10, 1938, and enrolled in Dartmouth's Medical School the following September. At Dartmouth, Lilly launched into the study of anatomy, performing dissections on 32 cadavers during the course of his time there. He once stretched out an entire intestinal tract across the length of a room to determine its actual length with certainty, causing much consternation in one of his professors who happened by. During the summer following his first year at Dartmouth, Lilly returned to Pasadena, California, to participate in an experiment with his former biochemistry professor from Caltech, Henry Borsook. The purpose of the experiment was to study the creation of glycocyamine, a major source of muscle power in the human body. The experiment involved putting Lilly on a completely protein free diet while administering measured doses of glycine and arginine solution, the two amino acids that Borsook hypothesized were involved in the creation of glycocyamine. The experiments pushed Lilly to extreme physical and mental limits, he became increasingly weak and delirious as the weeks went on. The results of the experiment confirmed Borsook's hypothesis and Lilly's name was included among the authors, making it the first published research paper of his career. It would also be one of the first instances of a lifelong pattern of experimenting on his own body to the point of endangering his health. After two years at Dartmouth, Lilly decided that he wanted to pursue a career in medical research, rather than therapeutic practice as was standard for Dartmouth Medical Students at that time. He decided to transfer to the medical school at the University of Pennsylvania which would provide him with better opportunities for conducting research. At the University of Pennsylvania, Lilly met a professor named H. Cuthbert Bazett, a protege of British physiologist J. B. S. Haldane. Bazett introduced Lilly to Haldane's view that a scientist should never conduct an experiment or procedure on another person that they had not first conducted on themselves, a view that Lilly would embrace and attempt to exemplify throughout his career. Bazett took a liking to the young, enthusiastic graduate student, and set Lilly up with his own research laboratory. While working under Bazett, Lilly created his first invention, the electrical capacitance diaphragm manometer, a device for measuring blood pressure. While designing the instrument, he received electrical engineering advice from biophysics pioneer Britton Chance. Chance would also introduce Lilly to the world of computers, which was still in its infancy. While finishing his degree at the University of Pennsylvania, Lilly enrolled in a class entitled "How to Build an Atomic Bomb". He and several other students transcribed their notes from the class into a book with the same title. The director of the Manhattan Project, General Leslie Groves, attempted to suppress publication of the book, but was unable under the grounds that no classified data on the Manhattan Project was actually used in writing the book. Lilly graduated with a medical degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1942. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「John C. Lilly」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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