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Jomsborg
Jomsborg or Jómsborg ((ドイツ語:Jomsburg)) was a semi-legendary Viking stronghold at the southern coast of the Baltic Sea (medieval Wendland, modern Pomerania), that existed between the 960s and 1043. Its inhabitants were known as Jomsvikings. Jomsborg's exact location, or its existence, has not yet been established, though it is often maintained that Jomsborg was somewhere on the islands of the Oder estuary.〔T. D. Kendrick, ''A History of the Vikings'', Courier Dover Publications, 2004, pp.179ff, ISBN 978-0-486-43396-7〕 Lauritz Weibull dismissed it as a legend.〔
==Location==
Jomsborg is often thought to be identical with the present-day town of Wolin (also Wollin) on the southeastern tip of the isle of Wolin, probably located at Silberberg hill north of the town.〔 In the Early Middle Ages, modern Wolin was the site of a multi-ethnic emporium (then known as ''Jumne'' or ''Julin'').〔Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten, 1999, p.31, ISBN 83-906184-8-6 〕 The Nordic sagas use "Jómsborg" exclusively, while medieval German histories use "Jumne" or "Julin", with the alternate names, some of which may be spelling variants, "vimne", "uimne", "Jumneta", "Juminem", "Julinum", "uineta", "Vineta" and "Vinneta".〔Johannes Hoops, Herbert Jankuhn, Heinrich Beck, ''Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde Band 16'', 2nd edition, Walter de Gruyter, 2000, pp.120-121, ISBN 3-11-016782-4〕
In 1931/32, Pomeranian historian Adolf Hofmeister (1883-1956) suggested, through comparison of the events reported by the different chronicles, that all these terms describe the same place, which is at or near the modern town of Wolin.〔 However, this is by no means universally accepted; Professor and historian Steven Fanning writes: "The Trelleborg-type fortresses of Denmark have been taken to be actual examples of Jómsborg-style camps of such warriors and Wolin in Poland was believed to be the actual Jómsborg. However, all such attempts to locate Jómsborg or encampments of the Jómvikings have failed, leading many to doubt that Jómvikings ever existed outside of literature."〔 Steven Fanning, "''Tacitus'', ''Beowulf'', and the ''Comitatus''," ''Haskins Society Journal'' 9 (1997), 30–31.〕 According to Władysław Filipowiak there are several dated sources which attest to the presence of a company of armed Vikings at the end of the 10th century in Wolin, who may have been installed there as mercenaries by the Polish king Bolesław Chrobry.
Other theories see Jomsborg in the northwest of nearby Usedom island, on lands now submerged.〔T. D. Kendrick, ''A History of the Vikings'', Courier Dover Publications, 2004, p.180, ISBN 978-0-486-43396-7〕 The small islands in this area are remnants of a long stretch of land between Usedom and Rügen, which fell victim to storm floods in the early 14th century.〔Ingrid Lange, Paul Werner Lange, ''Vineta, Atlantis des Nordens'', Urania, 1988, p.120, ISBN 3-332-00197-3〕 Suspected locations in this area are the Veritas grounds between the petty islands of Ruden and Greifswalder Oie, and the Peenemünde shoals.〔 While Viking Age jewelry has been found at the site, archaeological evaluation of these theories has not yet been possible.〔T. D. Kendrick, ''A History of the Vikings'', Courier Dover Publications, 2004, p.181, ISBN 978-0-486-43396-7〕
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