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Joseph Fielding Smith, Jr. (July 19, 1876 – July 2, 1972) was the tenth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1970 until his death in 1972. He was the son of Joseph F. Smith, who was the sixth president of the LDS Church, and grandson of Hyrum Smith, brother of LDS Church founder Joseph Smith. Smith was named to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in 1910, when his father was the church's president. When he became president of the LDS Church, he was the oldest person to hold that office until Gordon B. Hinckley reached Smith's equivalent age in June 2006 (Hinckley continued as president for another 19 months). Smith's tenure as President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles from 1951 to 1970 is the third-longest in church history;〔Orson Hyde's tenure was from 1847 to 1875 and Rudger Clawson's tenure was from 1921 to 1943.〕 he served in that capacity during the entire presidency of David O. McKay. Smith spent some of his years among the Twelve Apostles as the Church Historian and Recorder. He was a religious scholar and a prolific writer. Many of his works are used as references for church members. ==Early life== Smith was born in Salt Lake City on July 18, 1876, as the first son of Julina Lambson Smith, the second wife and first plural wife of Joseph F. Smith, then a member of the Quorum of the Twelve. By agreement between his parents, Smith was given his father's name, even though Joseph F. Smith's third and fourth wives had previously had sons.〔Gibbons (1992): 1.〕 Growing up, Smith lived in his father's large family home at 333 West 100 North in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory.〔Gibbons (1992): 3.〕 The house was opposite the original campus of the University of Deseret (name changed in 1892 to the University of Utah),〔 on a site now occupied by the LDS Business College. He also often worked on the family farm in Taylorsville, Utah, as a child.〔''Teachings of Presidents of the Church: Joseph Fielding Smith'' (Salt Lake City, Utah: LDS Church, 2013) p. 3.〕 In January 1879, when Smith was two years old, the U.S. Supreme Court in ''Reynolds v. United States'' upheld the constitutionality of the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act of 1862, which had criminalized the Latter-day Saint practice of plural marriage.〔Gibbons (1992): 13.〕 Due to aggressive federal enforcement of this ruling, the Edmunds Act of 1882, and the Edmunds-Tucker Act of 1887, many LDS Church leaders, including Smith's father, were either imprisoned or forced into hiding and exile during most of the 1880s. Smith's father, as the keeper of the records of the Endowment House, felt a special need to avoid capture since the records could allow the federal authorities to easily prove polygamy charges against certain Latter-day Saint men.〔Gibbons (1992): 14.〕 In January 1885, Smith's parents and his younger sister, Julina, left for the Sandwich Islands (modern Hawaii), where Smith's father had served a mission as a teenager in the 1850s.〔 In their absence, Smith continued to live in the family home with his brothers and sisters and his father's other wives, whom he "lovingly called 'aunties'".〔Gibbons (1992): 15.〕 Smith's mother returned to Salt Lake City in 1887, followed later by his father.〔 Even after his return, Joseph F. Smith was unable to openly visit and care for his wives and children until receiving a presidential pardon from U.S. President Benjamin Harrison in September 1891.〔Gibbons (1992): 42.〕 Smith's mother worked as a midwife to help provide for the family; she delivered nearly 1000 babies in her career without ever having a mother or infant die in childbirth.〔Gibbons (1992): 17.〕 As a boy, Smith often drove his mother by wagon to the various deliveries that she attended in Salt Lake City. Smith's primary schooling took place in "ward schools", which in the 19th century were semi-formal schools run by members of each ward which taught the traditional "three R's": reading, writing, and arithmetic.〔Gibbons (1992): 19.〕 As a teenager Smith completed two years of study at the Latter-day Saint College, an institution equivalent to the modern U.S. high school, which provided courses in the basic areas of mathematics, geography, history, basic science, and penmanship.〔Gibbons (1992): 44.〕 After leaving the college, Smith began working as a stock clerk doing manual labor at ZCMI to supplement the family's income.〔 Smith was present in the large assembly room of the Salt Lake Temple for its dedication on April 6, 1893, by church president Wilford Woodruff.〔Gibbons (1992): 47.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Joseph Fielding Smith」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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