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José is a predominantly Spanish and Portuguese form of the given name Joseph. While spelled alike, this name is pronounced differently in each language: in Spanish (:xoˈse) and in Portuguese (:ʒuˈzɛ) (or (:ʒoˈzɛ)). In French, the name ''José'', pronounced (:ʒoˈze), is an old vernacular form of Joseph, which is also in current usage as a given name. José is also commonly used as part of male name composites, such as José Manuel, José Maria or Antonio José, and also in female name composites like Maria José or Marie-José. ''José'' is also a Belgian Dutch male given name,〔(Appendix:Flemish given names )〕 pronounced (:ʒoːˈzeː), and for which the female written form is ''Josée'' as in French. In Netherlandic Dutch however, ''José'' is a female given name, and is pronounced (:ˈjoːseː); it may occur as part of name composites like Marie-José or as a female first name in its own right; it can also be short for the name ''Josina'' and even a Dutch hypocorism〔(Appendix:Dutch diminutives of given names )〕 of the name ''Johanna''. In England, Jose is originally a Romano-Celtic surname, and people with this family name can usually be found in, or traced to, the English county of Cornwall, where it was especially frequent during the fourteenth century; this surname is pronounced , as in the English names ''Joseph'' or ''Josephine''.〔Pawley White, George. ''A Handbook of Cornish Surnames'' (Dyllansow Truran-Cornish Publication, 1981).〕 The common spelling of this proper name in different languages is a case of interlingual homography. Similar cases occur in English given names (Albert, Bertrand, Christine, Daniel, Eric, Ferdinand) that are not exclusive to the English language, and which can be found namely in French with a different pronunciation under exactly the same spelling. English speakers approximate the Spanish pronunciation (:xoˈse) as ; with a rather than with an sound. In Castilian Spanish, moreover, the initial is similar to the German in the name Bach and Scottish Gaelic and Irish in ''loch'', though Spanish varies by dialect, and in Mexican Spanish, for example, is closer to the English. Historically, the modern pronunciation of the name ''José'' in Spanish is the result of the phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives since the fifteenth century, when it departed from Old Spanish. Unlike today’s pronunciation of this name, in Old Spanish the initial was a voiced postalveolar fricative (as the sound "''je''" in French), and the middle stood for a voiced apicoalveolar fricative /z̺/ (as in the Castilian pronunciation of the ('mismo''). These sounds, from a total of seven sibilants that were once shared by medieval Ibero-Romance languages, were partly preserved in Catalan, Galician, and Occitan, and have survived integrally in Mirandese and in the dialects of northern Portugal. ==Portuguese pronunciation== People with the Portuguese given name ''José'' (:ʒuˈzɛ) usually have their name pronounced by English speakers approximately as "''joe say''", which is frequently heard in news media. Examples of this are for instance President of the European Commission José Manuel Barroso and football coach José Mourinho, whose names are commonly pronounced with some of precision by world media CNN and BBC by resorting to English sounds (i.e. "''Joseph''" without the "''ph''", often sounding like "'").〔Sangster, Catherine (BBC Pronunciation Unit) (2006, Sept 27). ''How to say Barroso?''. Retrieved 20 January 2013 from http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/magazinemonitor/2006/09/how_to_say_barroso.shtml〕 Historically, the conventional Portuguese spelling of the name was ''Joseph'', just as in English, though variants like ''Jozeph'' were not uncommon.〔Cf. LEÃO, Duarte Nunes de, ''Orthographia da lingoa portuguesa'' (Lisboa: por Ioão de Barreira, 1576). Cf. FEIJÓ, João de Morais Madureira, ''Orthographia, ou Arte de Escrever, e pronunciar com acerto a Lingua Portugueza'' (Lisboa Occidental: na Officina de Miguel Rodrigues, 1734).〕 Following the 1910 revolution, the Portuguese spelling was modernized. The first Reform of Portuguese orthography of 1911 elided the final mute consonants and from Biblical anthroponyms and toponyms (e.g. ''Joseph'', ''Nazareth'') and replaced them with the diacritic on the final , indicating the stress vowel (e.g. ''José'', ''Nazaré''). In Portuguese, the pronunciation of vowels varies substantially depending on the country, regional dialect or social identity of the speaker: in the case of the ranging from /u/ to /o/; and in the case of , from /e/ to /ɛ/. The Portuguese phonology developed originally from thirteenth-century Galician-Portuguese, having a number of speakers worldwide that is currently larger than French, Italian and German. In Portuguese the pronunciation of the graphemes and is in fact phonetically the same as in French, where the name ''José'' also exists and the pronunciation is similar, aside from obvious vowel variation and language-specific intonation. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「José」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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