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Judenplatz
Judenplatz (English:''Jewish Square'') is a town square in Vienna's Innere Stadt that was the center of Jewish life and the Viennese Jewish Community in the Middle Ages. It is located in the immediate proximity of Am Hof square, Schulhof, and Wipplingerstraße. It exemplifies the long and eventful history of the city and the Jewish community focused on this place. Archaeological excavations of the medieval synagogue are viewable underground by way of the museum on the square, Misrachi-Haus. Two sculptural works, a carved relief and several inscribed texts are located around the square that all have subject matter relating to Jewish history. One of these sculptures is a statue of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. The other is a memorial to Austrian Holocaust Victims, a project based on an idea of Simon Wiesenthal and unveiled in 2000. Created by British artist Rachel Whiteread, the memorial is a reinforced concrete cube resembling a library with its volumes turned inside out. The Judenplatz is the location of the Constitutional Court of Austria and the Administrative Court of Austria.
==History==
Jews began settling in Vienna and in the area that was to become Judenplatz around 1150, coinciding with the settlement of the House of Babenberg.〔Brigitte Hamann, translated by Thomas Thornton, ''Hitler's Vienna: A Dictator's Apprenticeship'', Oxford University Press, 1999, page 325, ISBN 0-19-514053-2〕 The first written mention names named the area ''"Schulhof"'' in 1294, a name which lasted until the pogrom of 1421.〔Heidrun Helgert, (''Die spätmittelalterliche Synagoge auf dem Judenplatz in Wien'' ) Die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Archäologie des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit e.V, accessed 20 May 2007.〕 By the year 1400, 800 inhabitants lived here including merchants, bankers, and scholars.〔wissen.de (''Judenplatz'' ), Munich, accessed 20 May 2007.〕 The Jewish city extended north up to the church Maria am Gestade, the west side became Tiefer Graben street,
the east side was bounded by Tuchlaubenstreet, and the south side formed the square "Am Hof". The Ghetto possessed 70 houses, which were arranged so that their back walls formed a closed delimitation wall. The Ghetto could be entered by four gates, the two main entrances lay on the Wipplingerstrasse.〔Museum Online, (''Das erste Wiener Ghetto'' ) accessed 23 May 2007.〕
At Judenplatz was the Jewish hospital, the Synagogue, the bath house, the house of the Rabbi and the Jewish school- all among the most important in German speaking countries.〔 The synagogue lay between the later Jordangasse and Kurrentgasse streets. Because of the school the square bore the name ''"Schulhof"'' as it was a schoolyard at that time. Later this name was transferred to a smaller square situated in the immediate neighborhood, and the neighborhood is still called so today. The designation ''"Neuer Platz"'' was given to the original schoolyard in 1423, and since 1437 it has been called Judenplatz.〔Jewish Museum Vienna, (''Wiener Einstellungen'' ) accessed 23 May 2007.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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