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ラテン語:Iugerum, ラテン語:iugera or ラテン語:iugus (the last form, as a neuter noun of the third declension, is very common in the oblique cases and in the plural) was a Roman unit of measurement of area, 240 ''pedes'' (Roman feet) or 71.0 m in length and 120 ''pedes'' or 35.5 m in breadth, containing therefore 28,800 ''pedes quadratum'' (Colum. R. R. v.i § 6; Quintil. i.18). That is 0.623 acre or 0.25 ha. It was the double of the ラテン語:Actus Quadratus, and from this circumstance, according to some writers, it derived its name (Varro, L. L. v.35, Müller, R. R. i.10). () It seems probable that, as the word was evidently originally the same as ラテン語:iugum, a yoke, and as ラテン語:actus, in its original use, meant a path wide enough to drive a single beast along, that ラテン語:iugerum originally meant a path wide enough for a yoke of oxen, namely, the double of the ラテン語:actus in width; and that when ラテン語:actus quadratus was used for a square measure of surface, the ラテン語:iugerum, by a natural analogy, became the double of the ラテン語:actus quadratus; and that this new meaning of it superseded its old use as the double of the single ラテン語:actus. Pliny (Book XVIII. Chapter 3) states "That portion of land used to be known as a "jugerum," which was capable of being ploughed by a single "jugum," or yoke of oxen, in one day; an "actus" being as much as the oxen could plough at a single spell, fairly estimated, without stopping. This last was one hundred and twenty feet in length; and two in length made a jugerum." (The Natural History, Pliny the Elder, translated by John Bostock, M.D., F.R.S. H.T. Riley, Esq., B.A. London. Taylor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street. 1855). The uncial division ''as'' was applied to the ラテン語:iugerum, its smallest part being the ラテン語:scrupulum of 100 sq ft or 9.2 m². Thus, the ラテン語:iugerum contained 288 ラテン語:scrupula (Varro, R. R. l.c.). The ラテン語:iugerum was the common measure of land among the Romans. Two ラテン語:iugera formed an ラテン語:heredium, a hundred heredia a centuria, and four ラテン語:centuriae a ラテン語:saltus. These divisions were derived from the original assignment of landed property, in which two ラテン語:iugera were given to each citizen as heritable property (Varro, l.c.; Niebuhr, Hist. of Rome, vol. ii pp156, &c., and Appendix ii.). Columella states (De Re Rustica, Book V) "The square actus is bounded by 120 feet each way: when doubled it forms a iugerum, and it has derived the name iugerum from the fact that it was formed by joining." (Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella. On Agriculture. Translated by Forster and Heffner, Heinemann London MCMLIV). ==See also== *Ancient Roman units of measurement 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jugerum」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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