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The ''Jumano'' were a prominent indigenous tribe or several tribes, who inhabited a large area of western Texas, adjacent New Mexico, and northern Mexico, especially near the La Junta region. Spanish explorers first recorded encounters with the Jumano in 1581; later expeditions noted them in a broad area of the Southwest and the Plains. The last historic reference was in a nineteenth-century oral history but their population declined by the early eighteenth century.〔(Nancy Potter Hickerson, ''The Jumanos: Hunters and Traders of the South Plains'' ), Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994, pp. xii-xiv〕 Scholars have generally argued that the Jumano disappeared as a distinct people by 1750 due to infectious disease, the slave trade, and warfare, with remnants absorbed by the Apache or Comanche. But as of 2008, self-identified Apache-Jumano (''Jumano Ndé'' - “Red Mud Painted People”) in southwest Texas, an amalgam of mostly Jumano, but also Comanche and Apachean groups (with close ties to Mescalero Apache and Lipan Apache) currently have 300 members with up to 3000 more. They hope to be recognized as an official tribe. ==The Jumano enigma== Spanish records from the 16th to the 18th century frequently refer to the Jumano Indians, and the French noted them in areas to the East as well. During the last decades of the seventeenth century, they were noted as traders and political leaders in the Southwest.〔Hickerson (1994), ''The Jumanos'', pp. xiii〕 Contemporary scholars are uncertain whether the Jumano were a single people organized into discrete bands, or whether the Spanish used Jumano as a generic term to refer to several different groups, as the references spanned peoples across a large geographic area. Scholars have been unable to determine what language was spoken by the historic Jumano, although Uto-Aztecan, Tanoan, and Athabascan have been suggested.〔Kenmotsu, Nancy Adele, "Seeking Friends, Avoiding Enemies: the Jumano Response to Spanish Colonization, A.D. 1580-1750," ''Bulletin of the Texas Archaeological Society 72'', 2001, 25〕 The Jumano have been identified in the historic record and by scholars as pottery-using farmers who lived at La Junta, buffalo-hunting plains Indians who frequently visited La Junta to trade, and/or both the farmers and the buffalo hunters. In his incorrectly titled book ''The Indian Southwest: 1580-1830: Ethnogenesis and Reinvention'' (1999), Gary Anderson proposes that the Jumano were a people of multiple ethnic groups from various sections of present-day Texas. They combined and became a new people in a process of ethnogenesis, formed from refugees fleeing the effects of disease, Spanish missions, and Spanish slaving raids south of the Rio Grande.〔(Gary Clayton Anderson, ''The Indian Southwest: 1580-1830: Ethnogenesis and Reinvention'' ), Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999, pp. 15-66〕 Cabeza de Vaca may have encountered the Jumano in 1535 near La Junta, the junction of the Conchos River and Rio Grande at Presidio, Texas. He describes his visit to the "people of the cows" in one of the towns, but these may have been the settled Indians of La Junta. They were people "with the best bodies that we saw and the greatest liveliness." He described their cooking method, in which they dropped hot stones into prepared gourds to cook their food, rather than using crafted pottery. This method of cooking is common among the nomads of the Great Plains, for whom pottery was too heavy to be carried and used extensively. For this reason, scholars think he may have been describing the semi-nomadic Jumano.〔Kreiger, Alex D., ''We Came Naked and Barefoot: The Journey of Cabeza de Vaca across North America''. Austin: U of Texas Press, 2002, 86,〕 The Spanish explorer Antonio de Espejo first used the term ''Jumano'' in 1582, to refer to agricultural peoples living at La Junta. This area was a trade crossroads and seems to have attracted numerous Indians of different tribes, of which the Jumano were one group. Among the other names the Spanish used for Indian groups near La Junta were the Cabris, Julimes, Passaguates, Patarabueyes, Amotomancos, Otomacos, Cholomes, Abriaches, and Caguates.〔Hammond, George P. and Rey, Agapito, ''The Rediscovery of New Mexico, 1580-1594,'' Albuquerque: U of NM Press, 1966, 73-79〕 A member of Espejo's expedition identified as Jumano the buffalo-hunting people they encountered on the Pecos River near Pecos, Texas.〔Hammond and Rey (1966), "Rediscovery of New Mexico", 216〕 The hunters were known to have close relations with the Indians at La Junta, but it is uncertain whether they were full-time bison-hunting nomads, or lived part of each year in La Junta.〔Hammond and Rey (1966), "Rediscovery of New Mexico", 229〕 Charles Kelley has suggested that the sedentary people living at La Junta were Patarabueye and the bison hunters were Jumano. In this scenario, the nomadic Jumano maintained close relations—and possibly spoke a similar language—with the people living at La Junta, but were distinct from them. From their recognized homeland between the Pecos and Concho rivers in Texas, the Jumano traveled widely to trade meat and skins to the Patarabueye and other Indians in exchange for agricultural products.〔Kelley, J. Charles, ''Jumano and Patarabueye: Relations at La Junta de los Rios'', Museum of Anthropology, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1986〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jumano people」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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