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Kafiristan
Kāfiristān or Kāfirstān ((パシュトー語:کافرستان)) is a historical region that covered present-day Nuristan Province in Afghanistan and its surroundings. It was also referred to as "Afica", but this was changed because of its close similarity with the name of the continent Africa. This historic region lies on, and mainly comprises, the basins of the rivers Alingar, Pech (Kamah), Landai Sin, and Kunar, and the intervening mountain ranges. It is bounded by the main range of the Hindu Kush on the north, the city of Chitral in what is now Pakistan to the east, the Kunar Valley in the south, and the Alishang River in the west. Kafiristan took its name because the inhabitants of the region were non-Muslims and were thus known to the surrounding Muslim population as kafirs, meaning "non-believers". They are closely related to the Kalash people, a fiercely independent people with a distinctive culture, language and religion.
==Etymology==
Kafiristan or Kafirstan is normally taken to mean ''land of the kafirs'' in Persian language, where the name "kafir" is derived from the Arabic "kaafer" literally meaning a person who refuses to accept a principle of any nature and figuratively as a person refusing to accept Islam as his faith and is commonly translated into English as an "infidel", "idolater", or "pagan". Kafiristan was inhabited by a polytheistic pagan culture before large numbers converted to Islam in the 1890s.
The word "kafir" has also been suggested to be linked to ''Kapiś'' (= ''Kapish''), the ancient Sanskrit name of the region that included historic Kafiristan. According to the theory, the name may have then mutated at some point into the word ''Kapir,'' and once again into the word Kafir.〔Geographical and Economic Studies in the Mahābhārata: Upāyana Parva, 1945, p 44, Dr Moti Chandra - India.〕〔Census of India, 1961, p 26, published by India Office of the Registrar General.〕〔See also: Kāṭhakasaṅkalanam: Saṃskr̥tagranthebhyaḥ saṅgr̥hītāni Kāṭhakabrāhmaṇa, Kāṭhakaśrautasūtra, 1981, p xii, Surya Kanta; cf: The Contemporary Review, Vol LXXII, July-Dec, 1897, p 869, A. Strahan (etc), London.〕〔S. Levi states that ''Chinese Kipin is a rendering of an Indian word Kapir'' (See quote in: Geographical and Economic Studies in the Mahābhārata: Upāyana Parva, 1945, p 44, Moti Chandra - India; See also: Bhārata-kaumudī; Studies in Indology in Honour of Dr. Radha Kumud Mookerji, 1945, p 916, Radhakumud Mookerji - India).〕
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