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In Theravada Buddhist phenomenology, Kalapas are defined as the smallest units of physical matter.〔Kornfield, Jack (1977, 1996), ''Living Dharma: Teachings of Twelve Buddhist Masters'', Shambhala p.316〕 Kalapas are described as tiny units of materiality, “tens of thousands of times smaller than a particle of dust,” coming into existence and disappearing in as little as a billionth of a second or a trillionth of the blink of an eye.〔Kornfield, Jack (1977, 1996), ''Living Dharma: Teachings of Twelve Buddhist Masters'', Shambhala p. 240〕〔Sayadaw, Pa Auk Tawya (2000), ''Knowing and Seeing,'' D.W.K. Ng, p.109〕 Kalapas are understood by some Therevada thinkers as actual subatomic particles and the smallest units of materiality.〔Rasmussen, Tina and Snyder, Stephen (2009) ''Practicing the Jhanas: Traditional Concentration as Presented by Venerable Pa Auk Sayadaw'', Shambhala p.126〕〔Kornfield, Jack (1977, 1996), ''Living Dharma: Teachings of Twelve Buddhist Masters'', Shambhala, p.239〕 Kalapas are not mentioned in the earliest Buddhists texts, such as the Tripitaka, but only in the Abhidhammattha Saïgaha, an Abhidhamma commentary that was composed between the 5th and 11th centuries.〔http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1245/Abhidhammattha-sangaha〕 They are not universally accepted in Theravada Buddhism, and the Buddha never directly speaks of kalapas.〔(Titmuss, Christopher ''Dharma E-News'', July–October 2010, p. 12 ) 〕 According to the description found in the Abhidhammattha Saïgaha, Kalapas are said to be invisible under normal circumstances but visible as a result of meditative samadhi.〔Shankman, Robert (2008), ''The Experience of Samadhi: An In-depth Exploration of Buddhist Meditation'', Shambhala, p. 178〕 Kalapas are composed of eight inseparable elements of material essence in varying amounts which are:〔Anuruddhàcariya, Bhadanta, trans. By Thera, Nàrada Mahà (1979) ''A Manual of Abhidhamma: Abhidhammattha Saïgaha of Bhadanta Anuruddhàcariya'' Buddhist Missionary Society, p.320〕 * earth * water * fire * air * color * smell * taste * nutritive essence The first four elements are called primary qualities, and are predominant in kalapas. The other four are secondary properties that derive from the primaries.〔(U Ba Khin, Sayagyi Thray Sithu (1995-2011) "The Essentials of Buddha Dhamma" ) The Buddhist Publication Society, Sri Lanka〕 Certain kalapas are said to also include additional elements, including sound, sex, body, mind-base and life.〔(Mendis, N.K.G. (2006-2011), ''The Abhidhamma in Practice'' The Buddhist Publication Society, Sri Lanka )〕〔Sayadaw, Pa Auk Tawya (2000), ''Knowing and Seeing,'' D.W.K. Ng, p.267〕 In contemporary Buddhist meditation practice, the observation and analysis of kalapas is a type of vipassana practice that aims to allow direct observation of impermanence and non-self.〔Rasmussen, Tina and Snyder, Stephen (2009) ''Practicing the Jhanas: Traditional Concentration as Presented by Venerable Pa Auk Sayadaw'', Shambhala p.127〕〔(U Ba Khin, Sayagyi Thray Sithu (1995-2011) "The Essentials of Buddha Dhamma" ) The Buddhist Publication Society, Sri Lanka〕 Contemporary adherents of practices related to the observation and analysis of kalapas include U Ba Khin, S.N. Goenka and Pa Auk Sayadaw.〔Goenka, S.N. (2000) ''The Discourse Summaries'', Vipassana Research Publications, p. 131〕〔Sayadaw, Pa Auk Tawya (2000), ''Knowing and Seeing,'' D.W.K. Ng, p.125〕〔(U Ba Khin, Sayagyi Thray Sithu (1995-2011) "The Essentials of Buddha Dhamma" ) The Buddhist Publication Society, Sri Lanka〕 Mahasi Sayadaw expressed a belief that kalapas played a role in aging, death and rebirth.〔(Sayadaw, Mahasi (March 1982) ''PATICCASAMUPPADA'', Buddhasasana Nuggaha Organization )〕 == References == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kalapas」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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