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Ilm al-Kalam
''ʿIlm al-Kalām'' (, literally "science of discourse"〔Winter, Tim J. "Introduction." Introduction. The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008. 4-5. Print.〕), usually foreshortened to kalam and sometimes called "Islamic scholastic theology", is an Islamic undertaking born out of the need to establish and defend the tenets of Islamic faith against doubters and detractors.〔Madeleine Pelner Cosman, Linda Gale Jones, Handbook to Life in the Medieval World, p 391. ISBN 1438109075〕 A scholar of kalam is referred to as a ''mutakallim'' (plural ''mutakallimūn'') as distinguished from philosophers, jurists, and scientists.〔Clinton Bennett, The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies, p 119. ISBN 1441127887.〕 There are many possible interpretations as to why this discipline was originally called "kalam"; one is that the widest controversy in this discipline has been about whether the Word of God, as revealed in the Qur'an, can be considered part of God's essence and therefore not created, or whether it was made into words in the normal sense of speech, and is therefore created.
==Terminology==
The Arabic term ''kalam'' means "speech" and its use for the name of the Islamic theology has the root in the Quran which is the "Word of God" (''kalām Allāh'').
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