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Kamishibai (紙芝居), literally "paper drama", is a form of storytelling that originated in Japanese Buddhist temples in the 12th century, where monks used ''emakimono'' (picture scrolls) to convey stories with moral lessons to a mostly illiterate audience. ==History== Kamishibai endured as a storytelling method for centuries, but is perhaps best known for its revival in the 1920s through the 1950s. The ''gaito kamishibaiya'', or ''kamishibai'' storyteller, rode from village to village on a bicycle equipped with a small stage. On arrival, the storyteller used two wooden clappers, called ''hyoshigi'', to announce his arrival. Children who bought candy from the storyteller got the best seats in front of the stage. Once an audience assembled, the storyteller told several stories using a set of illustrated boards, inserted into the stage and withdrawn one by one as the story was told. The stories were often serials and new episodes were told on each visit to the village. The revival of ''kamishibai'' can be tied to the global depression of the late 1920s when it offered a means by which an unemployed man could earn a small income. The tradition was largely supplanted by the advent of television in the late 1950s but has recently enjoyed a revival in Japanese libraries and elementary schools. Some Americans have translated traditional ''kamishibai'' into English and offer them as part of a "Balanced Literacy" teaching philosophy. Kamishibai is considered a precursor to modern manga and anime. They often featured art styles, including a wide-eyed look, similar to what would later characterize manga and anime.〔Schodt, Frederik L. 1986. ''Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics.'' Tokyo: Kodansha. ISBN 978-0-87011-752-7.〕〔Nash, Eric Peter. 2009. (''Manga kamishibai: the art of Japanese paper theater'' ). Abrams. ISBN 081095303X.〕 Some of the most famous kamishibai characters included Ōgon Bat (debuted 1930) and (debuted early 1930s), considered as Japanese superheroes, appearing earlier than the later American comic book superheroes Superman (debuted 1938) and Batman (debuted 1939). It is now possible to find street kamishibai activity also outside of Japan. Artists are presently active in Italy, while in New Zealand, Tanya Batt, an Indian storyteller/children's author and cycling enthusiast, used it to combine two of her passions and built a replicated kamishibai "Spoke N' Word" theatre for use by her local community trust. In South Africa, award winning performer Jemma Kahn has used this art to create a series of cult theatre pieces that have traveled globally and won multiple awards. The first show "The Epicene Butcher and other Stories for consenting adults" was launched in 2012. The show's sequel, "We Didn't Come to Hell for the Croissants: Seven Deadly New Stories for Consenting Adults" was launched in Johannesburg in 2015, and is currently on a global tour. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kamishibai」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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