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In Buddhism, ' is a Pali word (Sanskrit: ''karmasthana'') which literally means ''the place of work''. Its original meaning was someone's occupation (farming, trading, cattle-tending, etc). It has several distinct but related usages, all having to do with Buddhist meditation. Its most basic meaning is as a word for meditation. In Burma senior meditation practitioners are known as "kammatthanacariyas" (meditation masters). Buddhaghosa uses "kammatthana" to refer to each of his forty meditation objects listed in the third chapter of the ''Visuddhimagga'', which are partially derived from the Pāli Canon.〔Buddhaghosa & Nanamoli (1999), pp. 90-91 (II, 27-28, "Development in Brief"), 110ff. (starting with III, 104, "enumeration"). It can also be found sprinkled earlier in this text as on p. 18 (I, 39, v. 2) and p. 39 (I, 107). Throughout Nanamoli translates this term as "meditation subject." In the Pali literature, prior to the post-canonical Pali commentaries, the term ' comes up in only a handful of discourses and then in the context of "work" or "trade." For instance, in the first three nikayas, the term is found only in the ''Subha Sutta'' (MN 99), although there it is found 22 times. In this discourse, it is contextualized, for instance, in this question to the Buddha by the Brahmin Subha: :"Master Gotama, the brahmins say this: 'Since the work of the household life (' ) involves a great deal of activity, great functions, great engagements, and great undertakings, it is of great fruit. Since the work of those gone forth (' ) involves a small amount of activity, small functions, small engagements, and small undertakings, it is of small fruit.' What does Master Gotama say about this?" ( & Bodhi, 2001, p. 809; the square-bracketed Pali is from Bodhgaya News' searchable Tipitaka database at http://bodhgayanews.net/tipitaka.php?title=&record=3693.) Similarly, in the famed Dighajanu Sutta (AN 8.54): :"And what does it mean to be consummate in initiative? There is the case where a lay person, by whatever occupation he makes his living (' ) — whether by farming or trading or cattle tending or archery or as a king's man or by any other craft — is clever and untiring at it, endowed with discrimination in its techniques, enough to arrange and carry it out. This is called being consummate in initiative." ((Thanissaro, 1995 ); the square-bracketed Pali is from Bodhgaya News' searchable Tipitaka database at http://bodhgayanews.net/tipitaka.php?title=sutta%20pitaka&action=next&record=6649.) An identical phrasing can be found in the very next discourse, the Ujjaya Sutta (AN 8.55) (see http://bodhgayanews.net/tipitaka.php?title=sutta%20pitaka&action=next&record=6653), and in the Dutiya Sampadā Sutta (AN 8.76) (see http://bodhgayanews.net/tipitaka.php?title=&record=6689). A last canonical use of this term can be found in the Sakya Sutta (AN 10.46): :"What do you think, Sakyans. Suppose a man, by some profession or other (''yena kenaci kammaṭṭhānena'' ), without encountering an unskillful day, were to earn a half-kahapana. Would he deserve to be called a capable man, full of initiative?" ((Thanissaro, 2000 ); the square-bracketed Pali is from Bodhgaya News' searchable Tipitaka database starting at http://bodhgayanews.net/tipitaka.php?title=&record=6888.)〕 In the Thai Forest Tradition, kammatthana has a historical usage synonymous with mindfulness immersed in the body, and instructions for this practice were taught by the preceptor at each monks ordination. For this reason, the Forest monks in this lineage were (and are still) known in Thailand as "kammatthana" monks to distinguish them from monks who practiced meditation techniques associated with Thai folk religions. == Forty meditation subjects == Of the forty objects meditated upon as kammatthana, the first ten are 'things that one can behold directly', 'kasina', or 'a whole': : (1) earth, (2) water, (3) fire, (4) air, wind, (5) blue, green, (6) yellow, (7) red, (8) white, (9) enclosed space, (10) bright light. The next ten are objects of repulsion (''asubha''): : (1) swollen corpse, (2) discolored, bluish, corpse, (3) festering corpse, (4) fissured corpse, (5) gnawed corpse, (6,7) dismembered, or hacked and scattered, corpse, (8) bleeding corpse, (9) worm-eaten corpse, (10) skeleton. Ten are recollections (''anussati''): : First three recollections are of the virtues of the Three Jewels: ::(1) Buddha ::(2) Dharma ::(3) Sangha : Next three are recollections of the virtues of: ::(4) morality (''Śīla'') ::(5) liberality (''cāga'') ::(6) the wholesome attributes of Devas : Recollections of: ::(7) the body (''kāya'') ::(8) death (see Upajjhatthana Sutta) ::(9) the breath (''prāna'') or breathing (''ānāpāna'') ::(10) peace (see ''Nibbana''). Four are stations of Brahma (''Brahma-vihara''): :(1) unconditional kindness and goodwill (''mettā'') :(2) compassion (''karuna'') :(3) sympathetic joy over another's success (''mudita'') :(4) evenmindedness, equanimity (''upekkha'') Four are formless states (four ''arūpajhānas''): :(1) infinite space :(2) infinite consciousness :(3) infinite nothingness :(4) neither perception nor non-perception. One is of perception of disgust of food (''aharepatikulasanna''). The last is analysis of the four elements (''catudhatuvavatthana''): earth (''pathavi''), water (''apo''), fire (''tejo''), air (''vayo''). Each kammatthana can be prescribed, especially by a teacher ('), to a certain individual student at some specific point, by assessing what would be best for that student's temperament and the present state of his or her mind.〔See, e.g., Buddhaghosa & Nanamoli (1999), p. 90, which states: "He should approach the good friend, the giver of a meditation subject, and he should apprehend from among the forty meditation subjects one that suits his own temperament."〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kammaṭṭhāna」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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