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''Kangura'' was a Kinyarwanda- and French-language magazine in Rwanda that served to stoke ethnic hatred in the run-up to the Rwandan Genocide. The magazine was established in 1990, following the invasion of the rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), and continued publishing up to the genocide. Sponsored by the dominant MRND party and edited by founder Hassan Ngeze, the magazine was a response to the RPF-sponsored ''Kanguka'', adopting a similar informal style. "Kangura" was a Rwandan word meaning "wake others up", as opposed to "Kanguka", which meant "wake up".〔Linda Melvern, ''Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide'', Verso, 2004, ISBN 1-85984-588-6, p. 49〕 The journal was based in Gisenyi. The magazine was the print equivalent to the later-established Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM), publishing articles harshly critical of the RPF and of Tutsis generally. Its sensationalist news was passed by word-of-mouth through the largely illiterate population. Copies of ''Kangura'' were read in public meetings and, as the genocide approached, during Interahamwe militia rallies.〔 ==Support and connections== The journal was financed by military officers, MRND members and an intelligence agency of the government. Supporters included Lt.-Col. Anatole Nsengiyumva and Protais Zigiranyirazo, both later charged by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Two language editions were published twice a month in batches of 1,500 to 3,000 copies. Some of the early editions were published on government printing presses. Due to the magazine's close ties with the government, it came to be viewed as a vehicle for the government of President Juvénal Habyarimana to test ideas, though ''Kangura'' did not hesitate to criticize the president over perceived concessions made during the negotiations in Arusha with the rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF).〔 ''Kangura'' was key in fomenting extremism and, in turn, became the mouthpiece of the CDR upon its founding in February 1992. The CDR was an extremist offshoot of the MRND that campaigned for a "pure Hutu" nation and prohibited Rwandans with Tutsi grandparents from joining. While initially formed to give the MRND and Habyarimana deniability for the positions espoused, the CDR soon developed a life of its own. Roméo Dallaire, the Force Commander of UNAMIR, the United Nations peacekeeping force, would later refer to ''Kangura'' as the "their ''(CDR's )'' propaganda rag" and a "scurrilous extremist newspaper".〔Roméo Dallaire, ''Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda'', Carroll & Graf, 2004, ISBN 0-7867-1510-3, pp. 133-183.〕 The extensive connections of ''Kangura'' to the ruling elite appeared to give the magazine inside knowledge. "People who might otherwise have ignored (magazine ) paid attention, because ''Kangura'' seemed to know what was going to happen before it did," stated Kenyan journalist Mary Kimani.〔("Radio Hate" ), Dina Temple-Raston, ''Legal Affairs'', September–October 2002.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kangura」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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