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Karaite Judaism or Karaism ( or ; ") is a Jewish movement characterized by the recognition of the Tanakh alone as its supreme legal authority in ''Halakha'' (Jewish religious law) and theology. It is distinct from mainstream Rabbinic Judaism, which considers the Oral Torah, as codified in the Talmud and subsequent works, to be authoritative interpretations of the Torah. Karaites maintain that all of the divine commandments handed down to Moses by God were recorded in the written Torah without additional Oral Law or explanation. As a result, Karaite Jews do not accept as binding the written collections of the oral tradition in the Midrash or Talmud. When interpreting the Tanakh, Karaites strive to adhere to the plain or most obvious meaning ("''peshat''") of the text; this is not necessarily the literal meaning, but rather the meaning that would have been naturally understood by the ancient Israelites when the books of the Tanakh were first written. By contrast, Rabbinic Judaism relies on the legal rulings of the Sanhedrin as they are codified in the Midrash, Talmud, and other sources to indicate the authentic meaning of the Torah. Karaite Judaism holds every interpretation of the Tanakh to the same scrutiny regardless of its source, and teaches that it is the personal responsibility of every individual Jew to study the Torah, and ultimately decide personally its correct meaning. Karaites may consider arguments made in the Talmud and other works without exalting them above other viewpoints. The approach of Protestants during the much later Reformation was similar, in terms of saying each individual could read and interpret the Bible. According to Rabbi Avraham ben David, in his ''Sefer HaQabbalah'', the Karaite movement crystallized in Baghdad in the Gaonic period (''circa'' 7th–9th centuries CE), under the Abbasid Caliphate in what is present-day Iraq. This is the view universally accepted among Rabbinic Jews. But, some Arab scholars (see cites) claim that Karaites were already living in Egypt in the first half of the 7th century, based on a legal document that the Karaite community in Egypt had in its possession until the end of the 19th century, in which the first Islamic governor ordered the leaders of the Rabbanite community against interfering with Karaite practices or the way they celebrate their holidays. It was said to have been stamped by the palm of 'Amr ibn al-'As, the first Islamic governor of Egypt, and was reportedly dated 20 AH (641 CE).〔''Al-Tahdhib'', No. 38, 5 Sept. 1902, p. 158.〕〔''Ash-Shubban Al-Qarra’in'' 4, 2 June 1937, p. 8.〕〔and Mourad El-Kodsi, ''The Karaite Jews of Egypt'', 1987.〕 Historians have argued over whether Karaism has a direct connection to anti-Rabbinic sects and views, such as those of the Sadducees, dating back to the end of the Second Temple period (70 CE), or whether Karaism represents a novel emergence of similar views. Karaites have always maintained that, while there are some similarities to the Sadducees, due to the rejection of Rabbinical authority and the Oral Law, there are major differences. The ancestors of the Karaites were a group called ''Benei Ṣedeq'' during the Second Temple period.〔For instance, see Mordekhai Ben-Nisan's ''Sefer Dod Mordekhai'' on the division of the House of Israel into two parts, (first published in Vienna, 1830 ) republished in Ramle, Israel, 1966 by Ḥevrat Haṣlaḥah LiVnei Miqra’ (publishing house of the Karaite Jews of Israel).〕 Karaites at one time made up a significant proportion of the Jewish population.〔A. J. Jacobs, ''The Year of Living Biblically'', p. 69.〕 Estimates of the Karaite population are difficult to make because they believe on the basis of Genesis 32 that counting Jews is forbidden. Some 30–50,000 are thought to reside in the 21st century in Israel, with smaller communities in Turkey, Europe and the United States.〔Isabel Kershner, ("New Generation of Jewish Sect Takes Up Struggle to Protect Place in Modern Israel" ), ''The New York Times,'' 4 September 2013.〕 Another estimate holds that, of the 50,000 world-wide, more than 40,000 descend from those who made aliyah from Egypt and Iraq to Israel. ==History== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Karaite Judaism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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