| 翻訳と辞書 |
Karava
Karava (pronounced ''Karaava'') also Karave, Kara, Karavaa, Kaurava is a significant Sinhalese community from the Island of Sri Lanka. The Tamil equivalent is Karaiyar.
== General ==
The origins of the term Karave also Kaurava or Kurukula are still debated. The first recorded instance is the Abhayagiri vihara terrace inscription dating from the 1st century BC denoting a 'Karava navika'.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Plate No.94 | Inscriptions of Sri Lanka )〕() One school of thought maintains that the Karava are the traditional coastal folk〔(Kotte Kingdom's principal imports: A history of Sri Lanka by K. M. De Silva, p.90 )〕 citing the similarity between the terms for sea-water (Kara Diya in Sinhalese) and Tamil Karaiyar denoting 'coast men'.〔(''Vaduga:'' Sri Lanka and the Maldive Islands, By Chandra Richard De Silva, p.111 & 137 )〕 Another contends that it was the traditional military or warrior caste of Sri Lanka. Although no specific mention of such a caste is extant in pre-colonial literature, there is mention of Kshatriya, foreign warriors and mercenaries throughout history.〔(Pre-Christian era coins depict the ruling dynastic fish symbol of the Kataragama Ksatriya kings )〕〔(Other royal emblems/coins from 250BC (depicting Bo tree, fish, conch) & king MUTU-SIVA )〕〔(THE ROYAL EMBLEM OF ANCIENT SINHALA KINGS (king Sadhathissa & queen Viharamahadevi) )〕〔(King Bhatiyatissa: The Chieftains of Ceylon, J. C. Van Sanden, p.32 )〕〔(The descendants of king Bhatiyatissa )〕〔Kurukulattaraiya, ''the prince with the golden anklet'': Epigraphica Indica – Vol. 21, part 5, No.38, p.220-50〕〔(Prince Kurukulattaraiya, Vijayabahu the Great's commander: The Karava of Ceylon, M.D.Raghavan, p.9-10 )〕〔(SINHALESE NAVAL POWER, C. W. Nicholas (1958) )〕〔(Some warriors of the past )〕 A third opinion is that it stems from the Kauravas of Indian Folklore, which is also the commomon origin theory of the coastal Kavara and Gavara folk of Andhra Pradesh. The 'Vesmuhunu' (mask),〔(A collection of traditional masks )〕 Devil Dance/Sanni Yakuma (exorcism)〔(Exorcism rituals of the South coast )〕 and Kolam tradition (masked drama/comedy) of the southern coast, while indicating a strong indigenous and a unique tradition, also indicate some affinity with the Karavali of Kerala and Karnataka and Topeng of South-East Asia〔(Lankan influences on 'Bhuta kola' tradition, under heading: 'Not native to Tulu..' )〕(). Also, an ancient north Indian ship owning and navigating caste was known as Kharva〔(Essays In Goan History edited by Teotónio R. de Souza, p.4&5 )〕 The Mahabarta epic recognized the coastal districts as a distinct community with their chiefs who took part in the epic war (Mahabharata, Book 3, Chapter 51. Karava communities are scattered throughout Sri Lanka including the interior but are predominantly resident on the southern, western and northern coastal districts of Sri Lanka.
Karava myth as well as historical manuscripts such as the Mukkara Hatana,〔(Descendants of the Mukara-Hatana (& the Nadagam tradition of the north-west coast) )〕 and royal grants indicate that there was also several migrations from ''Kuru Mandalam'' Coromandal coast of South India.〔 The Aluth (new) and Parana (old) Kuru korales (provinces) denote such cultural acknowledgement and royal patronage. Related communities in India are found north of Tanjore in Tamil Nadu well into the Andhra Pradesh coastal areas. Many Karava communities throughout Sri Lanka claim an ultimate origin from the Kuru (kingdom) and the epic Kauravas of the Mahabharata. In modern Sri Lanka, occupationally its members include the foremost professionals, capitalists and politicians of Sri Lanka as well as large numbers of wage earners, carpenters, fishermen and farmers. The Karavas came into contact with the (Portuguese, Dutch and English) colonial powers before the rural interiors and assimilated (through choice or force) with regards to education, dress, religion and customs and exploited the new opportunities in commercial enterprise earlier than other communities. The Karavas were the most successful at this as all communities strove to modernize and still do.〔Sri Lankan Mudaliyars〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Sri Lankan Sinhalese Family Gene )〕 An often overlooked fact is that it was primarily the coastal population that lost part of their ancient culture and heritage whilst gaining what is new.〔(Bolawalana church, Historical Background ); ''Bolawalana is mentioned in verse 175 of Kokila Sandeshaya written in 1440 – 1446 CE., originally a Pattini Devalaya''〕〔(''The destruction of the most luxurious and popular Temple complex at Devinuwara in 1587'' ) - The Buddhist Visnu: Religious Transformation, Politics, and Culture By John C. Holt, p.99〕〔(112th death anniversary of C. H. de Soysa, patriot and philanthropist unequaled ) - Dr. K. N. M. D. Cooray (Infolanka)〕() It is also overlooked that they feature prominently in the struggle against colonialism at great risk to their families.〔(''Most Lascarins betrayed and joined the Sinhalese'' ): Colonial Voyage by Marco Ramerini〕〔(''In 1574 the Mahapatabenda of Colombo is beheaded and quartered by the Portuguese for treasonable communication with Mayadunne, the sannas grants of king Mayadenne to Sitavaka Tantula and Rajapakse Tantula of Ambalangoda for serving the interests of Sitawaka kings, Thamankaduwa, Diddeniya, Galagamuwa and Matale Karavas and their regalia'' ) The Karāva of Ceylon: Society and Culture, M. D. Raghavan pp.33-6,43,66,71-5 (K.V.G. De Sīlva ) ASIN: B0006CKOV2〕〔(''Kuruwita Rala appointed guardian of the heirs to the throne:'' An historical, political, and statistical account of Ceylon..., Volume 1, By Charles Pridham , p. 109-11 )〕〔('' The Patabenda of Koggala collaborates with Rajasinghe II in 1656'' ) Ceylon: The Portuguese Era, Being the History of the Island for the Period 1505-1658, Volume 2, Paulus Edward Pieris p.454 (Colombo Apothecaries) ISBN 9788120613447〕〔(''Born in the coastal town of Moratuwa, Puran Appu led the Matale rebellion along with other prominent figures like Gongale Goda Banda'' ) Matale rebellion memorial abandoned, Gagani Weerakoon (The Nation) Retrieved 04-10-2015〕 Also, after the 1764 conspiracy to exclude minority castes from Buddhist monkhood ordination and other factors〔(Jesus chose Fishermen to lead his mission )〕〔(Was the Son of the Carpenter an entrepreneur? )〕〔(Life of Jesus of Nazareth: ''born in Bethlalem, grew up in Egypt, (visited India?) & worked in the Middle East'' )〕〔(Joseph Vaz and Gonsalves lived, worked and died in this country'' ) - Blessed Joseph Vaz, a missionary model for all time, Rajtilak Naik (The Times of India)〕 there was less of an incentive for change, though they spent a fortune renovating ancient Temples and playing a prominent role reviving Buddhism in the past two centuries.〔(''Colonel Henry Steele Olcott was invited to Ceylon by his friend Ven. Dodanduwe Piyaratana Tissa Thera'' ): That controversial clash, by D. C. Ranatunga〕〔(''It was primarily due to the persuasion of Ven. Dodanduwe Piyarathana Thera that Colonel Henry Steele Olcott took an interest in the revival of Buddhist Education in Sri Lanka.'' ): 'The first Buddhist School in Sri Lanka - Piyarathana Vidyalaya of Dodanduwa dilapidated, threatened with closure' by W. T. J. S. Kaviratne (Daily News)〕〔( ''Lanka's Buddhist resurgence - Within a span of over a hundred years Archaeological restorations of several Buddhist sites took place; Stupas at Tissamaharamaya (1908), Seruvila (1922) and others followed ) Fragrance of a Buddha Jayanthi - Upali SALGADO (Daily News)〕〔(Swarnamali Maha Seya and the forgotten monk - Upali K Salgado ) (The Island)〕〔(Poson Day Historic Reflections and Buddhist Activity in the Colonial Time - Upali K Salgado ) (The Island)〕〔(113th Birth Anniversary : Sir Bennet and Lady Sarah Soysa - the philanthropists of the hills ) by M. B. Dassanayake (Daily News)〕〔(Mrs. Jeremias Dias: A visionary of the 20th Century ) - Dr. Ganga de Silva (The Island)〕 Today, many Karava are mixed/married with all other communities and castes, particularly the Govigama and Durava.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「Karava」の詳細全文を読む
スポンサード リンク
| 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース |
Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.
|
|