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Qanat
A qanāt ((アラビア語:قناة), (ペルシア語:قنات)/) is a gently sloping underground channel with a series of vertical access shafts, used to transport water from an aquifer under a hill. Qanāts create a reliable supply of water for human settlements and irrigation in hot, arid, and semi-arid climates.
The qanat technology is known to have been developed by the Persian people sometime in the early 1st millennium BC, and spread from there slowly westward and eastward.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://users.bart.nl/~leenders/txt/qanats.html )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/qanats/qanats.pdf )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/kareez/index.htm )〕〔Nikravesh, Ardakanian and Alemohammad, Institutional Capacity Development of Water Resources Management in Iran: ()〕
The value of the qanat is directly related to the quality, volume, and regularity of the water flow. Much of the population of Iran and other arid countries in Asia and North Africa historically depended upon the water from qanats; the areas of population corresponded closely to the areas where qanats are possible. Although a qanat was expensive to construct, its long-term value to the community, and thereby to the group that invested in building and maintaining it, was substantial.〔
==Etymology==
Qanat is the Arabic word for "channel". Qanats are also called kārīz (or kārēz from (ペルシア語:كاريز)) (Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Central Asia, derived from (ペルシア語:كاهریز)), kahan (from (ペルシア語:کهن)), kahriz/kəhriz (Azerbaijan); khettara (Morocco); galería (Spain); falaj (from (アラビア語:فلج)) (United Arab Emirates and Oman); Kahn (Baloch) or foggara/fughara (North Africa).〔 Alternative terms for qanats in Asia and North Africa are ''kakuriz'', ''chin-avulz'', and ''mayun''. Common variants of qanat in English include ''kanat'', ''khanat'', ''kunut'', ''kona'', ''konait'', ''ghanat'', ''ghundat''.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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