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Kathekon
Kathēkon ((ギリシア語:καθῆκον)) (plural: ''kathēkonta'' (ギリシア語:καθήκοντα)) is a Greek concept, forged by the founder of Stoicism, Zeno of Citium. It may be translated as "appropriate behaviour", "befitting actions," or "convenient action for nature",〔(Nova Roma ), interview of A. Poliseno, "Stoicism in Ancient Rome",〕 or also "proper function."〔(Section 2: Hellenistic and Roman Ethics )〕 ''Kathekon'' has been translated in Latin by Cicero as ''officium'', and by Seneca as ''convenentia''.〔(Two Concepts of Morality: A Distinction of Adam Smith's Ethics and its Stoic Origin ), extract on Jstor〕 ''Kathēkonta'' are contrasted, in Stoic moral, with ''katorthōma'' (κατόρθωμα; plural: ''katorthōmata''), roughly "perfect action." According to Stoic philosophy, man (and all living beings) must act in accordance with Nature, which is the primary sense of ''kathēkon''.
== Kathēkonta and katorthōmata ==
According to Stoic philosophy, each being, whether animate or inanimate (plant, animal or human being), carries on fitting actions corresponding to its own nature. They distinguished between "kathēkonta" and "katorthōmata," a perfect action derived from the "orthos logos" (reason) (also "''teleion kathēkon''": a perfect, achieved ''kathēkon''〔Stobaeus, in Long, A. A., Sedley, D. N. (1987). ''The Hellenistic Philosophers: vol. 1. translations of the principal sources with philosophical commentary'', 59B. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press (SVF III, 494)〕). They said that the wise man necessarily carried out ''katorthōmata'', that is, virtuous ''kathēkon'', and that what distinguished both was not the nature of the act, but the way it was done. Thus, in exceptional circumstances, a wise man (which state of being, in Stoic philosophy, is nearly impossible to achieve) could carry out a katorthōma which, according to ordinary standards, would be deemed monstruous (for example, having sexual intercourse with one's daughter, if the destiny of humanity is at stake, or mutilating oneself〔Diogenes Laertius, ''Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers'', VII, 108-109 (SVF III, 495, 496; transl. in Long, A. A., Sedley, D. N. (1987), 59E)〕).
Stoic morality is complex, and has various hierarchical levels. On the first, lay-man level, one must carry out the action corresponding to his own nature. But, according to the Stoic strict moral ideas, the acts of laymen are always insane (ἁμαρτήματα ''hamartēmata'' 〔(Nova Roma ), interview of A. Poliseno, "Stoicism in Ancient Rome"〕 "mistakes," or ''peccata''), while the acts of the rare wise-man are always ''katorthōmata'', perfect actions. The wise man acts in view of the good, while the ordinary being (layman, animal or plant) acts only in view of its survival. However, both act according to their own nature.
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