|
Kirkuk ( '; ', Turkish: Kerkük), Azerbaijani: Kərkük) is a city in the north of Iraq, north of, Baghdad, and south of Erbil. It is the capital of Kirkuk Governorate. Kirkuk lies in a wide zone with an enormously diverse population, which has moreover experienced dramatic demographic changes in the course of the twentieth century. The city has been multilingual for centuries, and the development of distinct ethnic groups was a process that took place over the course of Kirkuk's urbanization in the twentieth century.〔Bet-Shlimon, Arbella. 2012. (Group Identities, Oil, and the Local Political Domain in Kirkuk: A Historical Perspective ). Journal of Urban History 38, no. 5.〕 Kurds, Turkmen, Assyrians and Arabs lay conflicting claims to this zone, and all have their historical accounts and memories to buttress their claims. The city sits on the site of the ancient Hurrian southern capital of Arrapha,〔The Cambridge Ancient History – Page 17 by John Boardman〕 which sits near the Khasa River on the ruins of a 5,000-year-old settlement (Kirkuk Citadel). It became known as Arrapha under the domination of the Hurrians. The city reached great importance again under the later, but short-lived Assyrians in the 10th and 11th centuries BC. Because of the strategic geographical location of the city, Kirkuk was the battle ground for three empires—the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Babylonia, and Media—which controlled the city at various times. Kurds〔''Claims in conflict: reversing ethnic cleansing in northern Iraq'', Human Rights Watch (Organization), Aug. 2004, Vol.16, 54. ()〕 and Turkmens〔(【引用サイトリンク】 The Identity of Kirkuk )〕 have claimed the city as a cultural capital. It was named the "capital of Iraqi culture" by the Iraqi ministry of culture in 2010.〔()〕 The city currently consists mainly of people who self-identify as Kurds, Arabs, Iraqi Turkmens, Assyrians ==Etymology== The ancient name of Kirkuk was the Assyrian ''Arrap'ha''. During the Parthian era, a ''Korkura/Corcura'' () is mentioned by Ptolemy, which is believed to refer either to Kirkuk or to the site of Baba Gurgur three miles ()(5 km) from the city.〔Edward Balfour, Encyclopaedia Asiatica, p. 214, Cosmo Publications, 1976〕 Since the Seleucid Empire it was known as ''Karkha D-Bet Slokh'', which means 'Citadel of the House of Seleucid'〔''The Acts of Mar Mari the Apostle'' By Amir Harrak. p. 27.〕 in Mesopotamian Aramaic, the lingua franca of the Fertile Crescent in that era.〔''The World's Greatest Story: The Epic of the Jewish People in Biblical Times'' By Joan Comay. p. 384.〕 The region around Kirkuk was known in Aramaic and Syriac sources as "Beth Garmai" (), which is a compound of Kurdish and Aramaic, meaning "The Warm Country" (later and modern Kurdish "Garmiyan"—hot country) It is also thought that region was known during the Parthian and Sassanid periods as ''Garmakan'', which means the 'Land of Warmth' or the 'Hot Land'. In some Iranian languages like Persian and Kurdish "Garm" means warm;〔(Iraq’s Policy of Ethnic Cleansing: Onslaught to change national/demographic characteristics of the Kirkuk Region by Nouri Talabany )〕 the name is still used by the Kurds in the form ''Garmian'' with the same meaning. During the Seleucid period, the city was renamed after king Seleucus, Karkha d' Beth Slokh ("Fort Seleucus"), a corruption of which is at the root of modern name Karkuk/Kirkuk. After the 7th century, Muslim writers used the name ''Kirkheni'' (Syriac for "citadel"〔(meaning of Karkha in Syriac ), Syriac dictionary〕) to refer to the city.〔(Kirkuk and its dependencies: Historically part of Kurdistan – II by Mufid Abdulla )〕 Others used other variant, such as ''Bajermi'' (a corruption of Aramaic "B'th Garmayeh" or ''Jermakan'' (a corruption of Persian Garmakan) .〔 A cuneiform script found in 1927 at the foot of Kirkuk Citadel stated that the city of Erekha of Babylonia was on the site of Kirkuk. Other sources consider Erekha to have been simply one part of the larger Arrapha metropolis. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kirkuk」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|