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A kharja or kharjah ((アラビア語:خرجة) tr. ''kharjah'' (:ˈxærʒɐ), meaning "final"; (スペイン語:jarcha) (:ˈxaɾtʃa); (ポルトガル語:kharja) (:ˈxaɾʒɐ); (カタルーニャ語、バレンシア語:kharja) (:ˈxaɾʒə)),〔In Portuguese ''kharja'' (also spelled ''carja'') may also be pronounced (:ˈkaɾʒɐ).〕 also known as markaz,〔(kharjah ). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.〕 is the final refrain of a ''muwashshah'', a lyric genre of Al-Andalus (the Islamic Iberian Peninsula) written in Arabic or Ibero-Romance. The ''muwashshah'' consists of five stanzas (''bait'') of four to six lines, alternating with five or six refrains (''qufl''); each refrain has the same rhyme and metre, whereas each stanza has only the same metre. The ''kharja'' appears often to have been composed independently of the ''muwashshah'' in which it is found. ==Characteristics of the kharja== About a third of extant ''kharjas'' are written in Classical Arabic. Most of the remainder are in Andalusi Arabic, but there are about seventy examples that are written either in Ibero-Romance or with significant Romance elements. None are recorded in Hebrew even when the ''muwashshah'' is in Hebrew.〔Zwartjes, 1997, Love Songs from al-Andalus: History, Structure and Meaning of the Kharja (Leiden: Brill)〕 Generally, though not always, the ''kharja'' is presented as a quotation from a speaker who is introduced in the preceding stanza. It is not uncommon to find the same ''kharja'' attached to several different ''muwashshahat''. The Egyptian writer Ibn Sanā' al-Mulk (1155–1211), in his ''Dar al-Tirāz'' (a study of the ''muwashshahat'', including an anthology) states that the ''kharja'' was the most important part of the poem, that the poets generated the ''muwashshah'' from the ''kharja'', and that consequently it was considered better to borrow a good ''kharja'' than compose a bad one.〔Fish Compton, Linda, 1976, Andalusian Lyrical Poetry and Old Spanish Love Songs: The Muwashshaḥ and its Kharja (New York: University Press), p.6〕 ''Kharjas'' may describe love, praise, the pleasures of drinking, but also ascetism. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kharja」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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