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Abd el-Krim
Abd el-Krim (1882–83, Ajdir〔M. Tahtah, Entre pragmatisme, reformisme et modernisme: Le role politico-religieux des Khattabi dans le Rif (Maroc) jusqu'a 1926 (Leuven: Peeters, 1999), p.143. Several authors (including Azarqan, Amzyan, Ayache) have given 1882 as the date of bin 'Abd al-Karim's birth. Tahtah suggests it took place between mid-1882 and mid-1883, based on a comparison of the available data.〕 – February 6, 1963, Cairo)〔 (full name: ''Muhammad Ibn 'Abd el-Karim El-Khattabi'', (アラビア語:محمد بن عبد الكريم الخطابي), Berber name: ''Muḥend n Ɛabd Krim Lxeṭṭabi'' or ''Moulay Muḥend'') was a Riffian political and military leader. He and his brother Mhemmed led a large-scale revolt by a coalition of Berber-speaking Rif tribes against French and Spanish colonization of the Rif, a large area of northern Morocco. The revolt included the establishment of the short-lived Republic of the Rif. Abd el-Krim's guerrilla tactics influenced Ho Chi Minh, Mao Zedong, and Che Guevara.
== Early life ==
Abd el-Krim was born in Ajdir, Morocco, the son of Abd al-Karim El-Khattabi, a qadi (Islamic judge) of the Aith Yusuf clan of the Aith Uriaghel (or Waryaghar) tribe.〔Hart, David M. (1976) The Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif (Tucson, Arizona) ISBN 978-0816504527 pp 370-371〕 Abd el-Krim received a traditional education at a mosque school in Ajdir, then attended a religious institute at Tetouan.〔J.Roger-Mathieu, Memoires d'Abd-el-Krim (Paris, 1927) p.56; M. Tahtah, Entre pragmatisme, reformisme et modernisme: Le role politico-religieux des Khattabi dans le Rif (Maroc) jusqu'a 1926 (Leuven: Peeters, 1999), p.144〕 At the age of twenty, it appears he studied for two years in Fez at the Attarine and Seffarine madrasah, in order to prepare to enter the famous Qaraouiyine university.〔J.Roger-Mathieu, Memoires d'Abd-el-Krim (Paris, 1927) p.56〕 Both he and his brother M'Hammad received a Spanish education,〔 with his brother studying mine engineering in Malaga and Madrid.〔 Both spoke fluent Spanish and Riffian. After his studies, in 1906, Abd el-Krim was sent to Melilla by his father. He worked there as a teacher and translator (until 1913), working for the OCTAI – the Spanish 'native affairs' office – and became a journalist for the Spanish newspaper ''Telegrama del Rif'' (1906–1915).
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