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The Khazars ((トルコ語:Hazarlar), (タタール語: Xäzärlär), (''Kuzarim''),〔.'Khazars (Hebrew:''Kuzarim'').'〕 (アラビア語:خزر) (khazar), , (ペルシア語:خزر), , 〔.'Somewhat later, however, in a letter to the Byzantine Emperor Basil I, dated to 871, Louis the German, clearly taking exception to what had apparently become Byzantine usage, declares that 'we have not found that the leader of the Avars, or Khazars (''Gasanorum''),'〕) were a semi-nomadic Turkic people, who created what for its duration was the most powerful polity to emerge from the breakup of the western Turkish steppe empire, known as the Khazar Khanate or Khazaria.〔.〕 Astride a major artery of commerce between northern Europe and southwestern Asia, Khazaria became one of the foremost trading emporia of the medieval world, commanding the western marches of the Silk Road and played a key commercial role as a crossroad between China, the Middle East and Kievan Rus'.〔.〕〔.〕 For some three centuries (c. 650–965) the Khazars dominated the vast area extending from the Volga-Don steppes to the eastern Crimea and the northern Caucasus. Khazaria long served as a buffer state between the Byzantine empire and both the nomads of the northern steppes and the Umayyad empire, after serving as Byzantium's proxy against the Sasanian Persian empire. The alliance was dropped around 900. Byzantium began to encourage the Alans to attack Khazaria and weaken its hold on Crimea and the Caucasus, while seeking to obtain an entente with the rising Rus' power to the north, which it aspired to convert to Christianity.〔.〕 Between 965 and 969, the Kievan Rus ruler Sviatoslav I of Kiev conquered the capital Atil and destroyed the Khazar state. Originally, the Khazars were pagan Tengrist worshippers. The populace of the Khazar Khaganate appears to have been multi-confessional—a mosaic of pagan, Tengrist, Jewish, Christian and Muslim worshippers. Beginning in the 8th century, Khazar royalty and notable segments of the aristocracy might have converted to Judaism. Khazar origins for, or suggestions Khazars were absorbed by many peoples, have been made regarding the Slavic Judaising Subbotniks, the Bukharan Jews, the Muslim Kumyks, Kazakhs, the Cossacks of the Don region, the Turkic-speaking Krymchaks and their Crimean neighbours the Karaites to the Moldavian Csángós, the Mountain Jews and others.〔.〕〔.〕 A modern theory, that the core of Ashkenazi Jewry emerged from a hypothetical Khazarian Jewish diaspora, is now viewed with scepticism by most scholars,〔:'Most scholars are sceptical about the hypothesis (that has its roots in the late 19th century) that Khazars became a major component in the ethnogenesis of the Ashkenazic Jews'.〕 but occasionally supported by others.〔.〕 The theory is sometimes associated with antisemitism〔.〕 and anti-Zionism.〔.〕 ==Etymology== Gyula Németh, following Zoltán Gombocz, derived ''Xazar'' from a hypothetical *Qasar reflecting a Turkic root ''qaz-'' ("to ramble, to roam") being an hypothetical velar variant of Common Turkic ''kez-''. With the publication of the fragmentary Tes and Terkhin inscriptions of the Uyğur empire (744-840) where the form 'Qasar' is attested, though uncertainty remains whether this represents a personal or tribal name, gradually other hypotheses emerged. Louis Bazin derived it from Turkic ''qas-'' ("tyrannize, oppress, terrorize") on the basis of its phonetic similarity to the Uyğur tribal name, Qasar.〔 citing L. Bazin, 'Pour une nouvelle hypothèse sur l'origine des Khazar,' in ''Materialia Turcica,'' 7/8 (1981–1982): 51-71.〕 András Róna-Tas connects it with ''Kesar'', the Pahlavi transcription of the Roman title Caesar.〔.Compare Tibetan ''dru-gu Gesar'' (the Turk Gesar).〕 D.M.Dunlop tried to link the Chinese term for "Khazars" to one of the tribal names of the Uyğur Toquz Oğuz, namely the ''Gésà''. The objections are that Uyğur ''Gesa/Qasar'' was not a tribal name but rather the surname of the chief of the Sikari tribe of the Toquz Oğuz, and that in Middle Chinese the ethnonym "Khazars", always prefaced with the word ''Tūjué'' signifying 'Türk' (''Tūjué Kěsà bù'':突厥可薩部; ''Tūjué Hésà'':突厥曷薩), is transcribed with characters different from those used to render the ''Qa-'' in the Uyğur word 'Qasar'.〔.Kěsà (可薩) would have been pronounced something like ''kha'sat'' in both Early Middle Chinese/EMC and Late Middle Chinese/LMC while Hésà (曷薩) would yield ''γat-sat'' in (EMC) and ''xɦat sat'' (LMC) respectively, where final 't' often transcribes –r- in foreign words. Thus, while these Chinese forms could transcribe a foreign word of the type *Kasar/ *Kazar, *Gatsar, *Gazr, *Gasar, there is a problem phonetically with assimilating these to the Uyğur word Qasar/ Gesa (EMC/LMC ''Kat-sat''= ''Kar sar''= *Kasar).〕〔.〕 After their conversion it is reported that they adopted the Hebrew script,〔: Ibn al-Nadīm commenting on script systems in 987-8 recorded that the Khazars wrote in Hebrew.〕 and it is likely that, though speaking a Türkic language, the Khazar chancellery under Judaism probably corresponded in Hebrew.〔: "The chancellery of the Jewish state of the Khazars is therefore also likely to have used Hebrew writing even if the official language was a Turkic one."〕 In Expositio in Matthaeum Evangelistam, ''Gazari'', presumably Khazars, are referred to as the Hunnic people living in the lands of Gog and Magog and said to be circumcised and ''omnem Judaismum observat'' observing all the laws of Judaism. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Khazars」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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