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Khorúgv ((ロシア語:Xоругвь), sometimes translated as ''gonfalon''),〔Historically, the Russian word ''khorugv'', as well as Polish ''choragiew'' also referred to a military banner in the secular sense, and the corresponding detachment associated with it. Derived from this word are the Polish "Chorągiew" (an administrative unit), as well as the military ranks Chorąży in Poland or Khorunzhiy among Russian Cossacks.〕 is a religious banner used liturgically in the Eastern Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. The khorugv or banner consists of an icon of Christ, the Theotokos or a saint, either painted or embroidered on a rectangular piece of cloth. The cloth is often pointed or swallow-tailed, or has several streamers coming down from it. The banner often has two or three tails on it, each terminating in a tassel, and may be fringed around the edges. It is suspended from a crossbar which is attached horizontally to a long vertical pole (see the article ''Gonfalon'' for a picture). The finial at the top of the pole is usually a cross. More rarely, banners can also be made of metalwork, or carved out of wood. Banners are carried in a religious procession known as Holy Cross Processions (Russian: крестный ход, ''krestny khod''), and when not being carried are usually displayed in the church. ==The use of banners in the Church== The first ensign used by the Christian Church was the labarum of the Roman Emperor Saint Constantine I. In the year 312, on the eve of the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, he saw a vision of the Cross of Christ appear in the sky, and beneath it the words ''Ἐν τούτῳ νίκα'' (''En touto nika'', "In this, be victorious"). Constantine ordered the symbol of the Cross to be placed on the imperial standards. He was victorious in the battle, and as a result legalized the practice of Christianity in the empire, and was himself baptized before his death. Constantine's victory was seen by Christians not only as a military victory, but as a victory of Christ over those who would persecute the new faith. After this point, we begin to see in Christian art the Greek letters ''IC'' (Jesus) ''XC'' (Christ) ''NIKA'' ("is victorious, conquers") added to depictions of the cross. The meaning is that, through the cross, Jesus Christ is victorious over sin and death. It was an ancient custom for emblems of victory to be placed in temples. Thus, after the legalization of Christianity, banners began to be placed in Christian churches. During the time of the Byzantine Empire, embroidery developed a great deal, thanks to contact with the orient and the introduction of silk. Artists often copied from Persian models and enhanced their work with pearls and with gold and silver threads. In the Byzantine Empire and other Orthodox lands (Bulgaria, Serbia, Imperial Russia, etc.), fine needlework studios developed, which produced exquisite banners, some of which today are displayed in museums around the world. Spain and Italy were equally influenced by Byzantine tastes, and by the Middle Ages, the use of richly embroidered church banners is attested in both the East and the West. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Khorugv」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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