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Greater Khorasan
Khorasan, also written as Khurasan (, (ペルシア語:خراسان بزرگ, or خراسان کهن) ), is a historical region lying in the northeast of Persia. "In pre-Islamic and early Islamic times, the term "Khurassan" frequently had a much wider denotation, covering also parts of Central Asia and Afghanistan; early Islamic usage often regarded everywhere east of western Persia, so-called Djibal or what was subsequently termed 'Irak 'Adjami, as being included in a vast and ill-defined region of Khurasan, which might even extend to the Indus Valley and Sind."
Khorasan in its proper sense comprised principally the cities of Balkh and Herat (now in Afghanistan), Mashhad and Nishapur (now in northeastern Iran), Merv and Nisa (now in southern Turkmenistan), and Bukhara and Samarkand (now in Uzbekistan). Some believe that at certain times Khorasan covered a wider area, which included parts of Transoxiana, Soghdiana, Sistan, and extended to the boundaries of the Indian subcontinent.〔 When the Arabs first arrived to the southern Hindu Kush to defeat the Zunbils, they recognized it as ''al-Hind'' (''Sind''), owing to the prevalence of Buddhists and Hindus (non-Zoroastrians) due to its cultural connection with Greater India. Sources from the 14th to the 16th century report that areas in the south of the Hindu Kush mountain range (Zamindawar, Balochistan, and Kabulistan) formed a frontier between Khorasan and Hindustan.〔
In the Islamic period, ''Persian Iraq'' and ''Khorasan'' were the two important territories. The boundary between these two was the region surrounding the cities of Gurgan and Damghan (the Qumis). In particular, the Ghaznavids, Seljuqs, and Timurids divided their empires into Iraqi and Khorasani regions. The adjective ''Greater'' is added these days to distinguish the historical region from the Khorasan Province of Iran, which roughly encompasses the western half of the historical Greater Khorasan.〔Dabeersiaghi, Commentary on Safarnâma-e Nâsir Khusraw, 6th Ed. Tehran, Zavvâr: 1375 (Solar Hijri Calendar) 235–236〕
==Name==
The name "Khorasan" is derived from Middle Persian ''khwar'' (meaning "sun") and ''āsān'' (or ''ayan'' literally meaning "to come" or "coming" or "about to come"), hence meaning "land where the sun rises"〔(Humbach, Helmut, and Djelani Davari, "Nāmé Xorāsān" ), Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Persian translation by Djelani Davari, published in Iranian Languages Studies Website〕 the same etymology also having been suggested for Khwarezm. The Persian word Khāvar-zamīn ((ペルシア語:خاور زمین)), meaning "the eastern land", has also been used as an equivalent term.〔(DehKhoda, "Lughat Nameh DehKhoda" ), Online version〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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