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Khutor
A khutor () or khutir ((ウクライナ語:ху́тiр), ''khutir'', pl. ''ху́тори'', ''khutory'') is a type of rural locality in some countries of Eastern Europe; in the past the term mostly referred to a single-homestead settlement.〔(Khutor ) from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia 〕〔(Khutor ) from the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary 〕
In Cossack-settled lands that encompassed today's Ukraine, Kuban, and the lower Don river basin the word ''khutor'' was used to describe new settlements (irrespective of the number of homesteads) which had detached themselves from stanitsas. In some Cossack communities in Russia, these types of settlements were referred to as ''posyólok''. In Russia the term "" (''vyselki'', literally, "those who moved away") was also used. To this day, khutor remains the official designation of many Russian villages in these regions.
During the Stolypin reforms in Russia, Peter Stolypin envisaged rich peasants "privatising" their share of the community (''obshchina'') lands, leaving the obshchinas, and settling in khutors on their now individually owned land. A less radical concept was that of an ''otrub'' (отруб): a section of formerly ''obshchina'' land, whose owner has left the ''obshchina'' but still continued to live in the village and to "commute" to his land.〔(Otrub ) from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia 〕 By 1910 the share of khutors and ''otrubs'' among all rural households in the European part of Russia was estimated at 10.5%. These were practically eliminated during the collectivisation in the USSR.〔
==In literature==
Nikolai Gogol's first major work is called ''Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka'', where 'farm' is a translation of 'khutor' (Russian: Вечера на хуторе близ Диканьки, Vechera na khutore bliz Dikan'ki).
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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